06readings


 * Assignment Due Tuesday 10/9:**
 * Research the following subject/primary source document.**
 * ID: Provide a short, 1-2 sentence IDENTIFICATION (ID) of the event/document.**
 * Background: Provide a short summary of the event/document. Who is involved? What was the significance?**
 * DBQ excerpt(s): Provide 1-2 excerpts of from or related to your topic. It should exemplify a core view of the document/event. It should something that can be said to be in favor, against, or contain elements in favor and against, the core concept.**

The Newburgh Conspiracy: http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/fall97/wshngton.html ID: Background: Annapolis Convention: http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/reference/AnnCv.htm ID: A conference between founding fathers where they published their views and gave them to Congress. Background: In 1786, Virginia invited the other states to a meeting at Annapolis.There, James Madison and eleven men from five other states met to discuss the future of our nation. Because there were so few, they decided to use the opportunity to express their views in a report to Congress and the state legislatures.One of the opinions expressed was the need for a stronger national government. They proposed a special congress to convene to strengthen the articles of Confederation. This was approved and the resulting congress wrote the constitution. Core concept:a stronger national government is needed DBQ excerpts: "Virtually everyone agreed that the question of trade regulation could not be divorced from larger political issues" "One delegate, apparently Abraham Clark of New Jersey, therefore suggested that the report recommend another meeting explicitly empowered to frame measures to strengthen the Articles." "But the central government remained little more than a loose wartime alliance of independent states, and Congress, under the Articles, experienced serious difficulty in restoring a war-torn economy, regulating foreign trade, and protecting and developing the frontier between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River."
 * DBQ excerpts:**

Virginia Plan: http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch8s7.html ID: The Virginia Plan was designed for properly porportioning representation based on population. The plan included ideas from Edmund Randolph and James Madison. It called for a government quite different from the one established in the Aricles of Confederation. Edmund Randolph felt that Virginia needed more representation ( about 10X as much as smallest state Delaware) in the bicameral Congress he proposed. Smaller states immediately opposed the Virginia Plan. Compromised by having upper house having equal representation in the states and the lower house having population be the basis for representation. Background: Edmund Randolph, first Attorney General of the United States, began the debate at the Convention to ratify the Articles of Confederation in Philadelphia on May 29, 1787. The Articles of Confederation were failing because the central government was too weak. DBQ excerpts: " Resolved that the articles of Confederation ought to be so corrected and enlarged as to accomplish the objects proposed by their institution; namely. "common defence, security of liberty and general welfare."

"Resold. that the members of the second branch of the National Legislature ought to be elected by those of the first, out of a proper number ofpersons nominated by the individual Legislature."

"Resd. that a National Executive be instituted; to be chosen by the National Legislature for the terms of yearsm to receive punctually at stated times, a fixed compensation for the services rendered."

..."that the jurisdiction of the inferior tribunals shall be to hear and determine in the first instance, and of the supreme tribunals to hear and determine in the dernier resort, all piracies and felonies on the high seas, captures from an enemy; cases in which foreigners or citizens of other States applying to such jurisdictions may be interested, or which respect the collection of the National revenue; impeachments of any National officers, and questions which may involve the national peace and harmony."

"Resd. that the Legislative Executive and Judiciary powers within this several states ought to be bound by oath to support the articles of the Union."

New Jersey Plan: http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch8s9.html ID:This plan maps out how the legislature should be handled and the powers it and the other branches should be given. The document is trying to avoid the possibility of one state becoming more powerful or have more representation than another. Background: The New Jersey plan was the small state reaction to the Virginia Plan. In the Virginia Plan, both the house and senate would feature proportional representation which meant that the more people a state has, the more representatives it has. Some of the smaller states would not receive representation because of this. Larger states clearly favored this plan. The Virginia Plan debate grew heated and the small states drew up their own plan. The New Jersey Plan was rejected. Branches: 3, legislative, executive, and judicial. Legislature: One house (unicameral). States are represented equally (all states had the same power). Powers:The national government could levy taxes, import duties and regulate trade. The laws created by states would be secondary to laws passed by the national legislature. DBQ excerpts: "none of the powers hereby vested in the U. States in Congs. shall be exercised without the consent of at least States, and in that proportion if the number of Confederated States should hereafter be increased or diminished." "9. Resd. that a Citizen of one State committing an offence in another State of the Union, shall be deemed guilty of the same offence as if it had been committed by a Citizen of the State in which the Offence was committed." - __wanted to prevent a state from getting a one up over another.__ "provided that none of the persons composing the federal Executive shall on any occasion take command of any troops, so as personally to conduct any enterprise as General, or in other capacity." "instead of the rule for making requisitions mentioned in the articles of Confederation, the United States in Congs. be authorized to make such requisitions in proportion to the whole number of white & other free citizens & inhabitants of every age sex and condition including those bound to servitude for a term of years & three fifths of all other persons not comprehended in the foregoing description, except Indians not paying taxes"

The Federalists Papers: http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/D/1776-1800/federalist/fedxx.htm ID: The Federalist Papers were a series of essays published in New York newspapers beginning in 1787. Their primary role was to sway public opinion in favor of the writing of a constitution.

Background: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote a combined 85 essays under the joint pseudonym Publius. In those essays they address the driving forces that, in their opinions, made the writing of such a document necessary. The name “The Federalist Papers” was given when Alexander Hamilton compiled all of the essays into a book in 1788. Many public concerns were addressed through the essays, such as the need for the states to remain united, and the authority the government should have over the people. The writers also discuss political philosophy in general, and as such the documents have become one of the key U.S. contributions to global politics.

excerpts: “It has been frequently remarked that it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether societies of men are really capable or not of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend for their political constitutions on accident and force.” – Alexander Hamilton “Nothing is more certain than the indispensable necessity of government, and it is equally undeniable, that whenever and however it is instituted, the people must cede to it some of their natural rights in order to vest it with requisite powers.” -John Jay “It is a matter both of wonder and regret, that those who raise so many objections against the new Constitution should never call to mind the defects of that which is to be exchanged for it. It is not necessary that the former should be perfect; it is sufficient that the latter is more imperfect.” -James Madison

Report on Public credit: http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/a1_8_2s5.html Background: DBQ excerpts:

Report on Manufacturers: http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch4s31.html
 * ID:** This document is an address to Congress made by Alexander Hamilton, which outlines the goals of his detailed economic plan to ensure that the new nation endurred.
 * Backkground:** Address by Hamilton to Congress in December 1791. Key concerns included the addition of jobs to members of the community of different classes, the effect of emigrants from other countries,on the economy, broadening the range of professions available to create a more diverse society, and creating more resources to expand enterprises. In the first section of Hamilton's address, he expresses the importance industry has towards women and children, pointing out that without their work, which contributes to the profit of the husband, they would be idle and a burden on the community, noting that 4/7 of workers in England are women and children. In the second section of the address, he stresses the ability of the industry to make the country grow in population. He believes that people will not leave their old countries without the promise of a good life in America. He also believes that the coming of different people from Europe will help to diversify, and therefore broaden the US market for indurstialism, making way for progress unheard of in Europe. He gives an example in the third section by stating that merchants and farmers are better than just farmers, however, merchants, farmers, and artifecers make up a better nation than just farmers and merchants. Hamilton's ideas in this address are too promote industrialism by putting the "idle" to work, expanding the population, and expanding the countries diversity.
 * excerpts:**
 * "This is--the employment of persons who would otherwise be idle (and in many cases a burthen on the community), either from the byass of temper, habit, infirmity of body, or some other cause, indisposing, or disqualifying them for the toils of the Country. It is worthy of particular remark, that, in general, women and Children are rendered more useful and the latter more early useful by manufacturing establishments, than they would otherwise be."
 * "Men reluctantly quit one course of occupation and livelihood for another, unless invited to it by very apparent and proximate advantages..."
 * "The spirit of enterprise, useful and prolific as it is, must necessarily be contracted or expanded in proportion to the simplicity or variety of the occupations and productions, which are to be found in a Society. It must be less in a nation of mere cultivators, than in a nation of cultivators and merchants; less in a nation of cultivators and merchants, than in a nation of cultivators, artificers and merchants."