11IDs

Be ready for a 10 question multiple choice quiz on the chapter on Monday taken straight from Brinkley's Ch 11 multiple choice questions. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0073124923/information_center_view0/ Not enough emphasis has been placed on the terms, so I am presenting the terms without the headings. Limit the amount of information that you post. Keep It Short and Simple. Key facts to memorize. Definitions. Significance. Cause & effect. Information which can be presented in 5 minutes to the class.


 * Chapter 11: Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South**

**Main Ideas:**
>
 * 1) The effect of short-staple cotton's rise on the economic development of the South, and the impact this enthroning of "King Cotton" had on subsequent Southern social and political development.
 * 2) The class and gender dynamics of Southern white society, in both myth and reality.
 * 3) The character of the different varieties of the South's "peculiar institution," and African-American's various forms of resistance to it.
 * 4) The separate culture of African-American slavery, and how it manifested itself in religion, music, language, and family life.

**Text Resources:**
Nicholas Guyatt, //"The Outskirts of Our Happiness": Race and the Lure of Colonization in the Early Republic,// Journal of American History, Vol. 95 No. 4, March 2009. In the first decades of the nineteenth century, powerful groups emerged in the United States to champion the removal of both Native Americans and free blacks. While historians usually see such groups as barometers of a rising racism in the United States, Nicholas Guyatt, instead argues that they paid lip service to universalism and race-neutral human potential by advocating colonization. Colonizationism appealed to white clergymen, philanthropists, and politicians by insisting that nonwhites could develop successful societies and perhaps even emulate the United States—if they moved outside the American republic. These parallel colonization projects suggest that the slippery logic of “separate but equal” has a longer history than has previously been imagined. This reading will invite comparisoins between Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson, the racism and proposed removal of blacks as well as Indians, and traces several of the arguments that underly the tantalizing controdiction between the republican rhetoric of "equality" and racism.

**Handouts/Homework:**
Analyze the impact of slavery on the development of American political parties between 1800 and 1840. (AP Achiever sample Q p.428, Advice p435).
 * FRQ:**

Kyle Ward, History in the Making - An absorbing look at how American History Has Changed in the Telling Over the Last 200 Years, The New Press, 2006. ISBN: 987-1-59558-044-3 - Chapter 22: Slavery in America
 * Further Reading:**

Madaras & SoRelle, Taking Sides; Clashing Views in United States History, Vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, 2008. ISBN: 978-0-07-352723-9 - Issue 13: Did Slavery Destroy the Black Family? Professor Wilma A. Dunaway believes that modern historians have exaggerated the amount of control slaves exercised over their lives and underplayed the cruelty of slave experience – family separations, nutritional deficiencies, sexual exploitation, and physical abuse that occurred on the majority of small plantations. Professor Eugene Genovese argues that slaves developed their own system of family and cultural values within the Southern paternalistic and pre-capitalistic slave society.

Courvares, Saxton, Grob, Billias, //Interpretations of American History; Volume One//, Eighth Edition, Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. ISBN: 978-0-312-42049-3. Chapter 9 – Slave Culture: African or American? - Philip D. Morgan, //Slave Counterpoint//, 1998. - Michael Gomez, //African Identity and Slavery in the// //Americas//, 1999.

Decline of the Tobacco Economy
 * The prices of tobacco were subject to frequent depressions
 * One depression went from the 1820s-1850s
 * Tobacco also exhausted the land on which it grew so planters couldn’t remain in business in the same place for long
 * By the 1830s, most of the old tobacco growing states like Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina were switching to wheat
 * Tobacco production moved westward
 * The southern regions of the South, South Carolina, Georgia and parts of Florida continued to grow rice
 * It demanded substantial irrigation and a looong growing season so it was only in a small area
 * Sugar growing along the Gulf Coast required intensive labor and only wealthy planters could afford to grow it
 * Sugar growers had to face competition from the Caribbean so it just wasn’t worth it

Short-Staple Cotton
 * Unless Short-staple cotton had been introduced in the South, it would have had to rely on other, nonagricultural products
 * Short staple cotton is hardier and coarser strain of cotton that could grow in a variety of climates and in a variety of soils
 * Its seeds were harder to remove from the fiber but with the invention of the cotton gin, this was no problem
 * As the textile industries in Europe and New England began to expand, the need for cotton expanded with them
 * Existing cotton lands could not satisfy the demand
 * Beginning in the 1820s and continuing through the 50s, cotton production grew and cotton plantations grew in large numbers
 * From the western areas of South Carolina and Georgia, production moved westward – into Alabama and Mississippi and into Louisiana, Texas and Arkansas
 * By the 1850s Cotton was the staple of the Southern Economy
 * 1820 – 500,000 bales of cotton
 * 1850 – 3 million bales
 * 1860 – 5 million
 * by the time of the Civil War, cotton was 2/3 of US exports
 * It brought in 200 million a year

Expansion of Slavery
 * With the rise of cotton there was also a rise in the amount of slaves
 * 1820-1860 Alabama slave count went from 41,000 to 435,000
 * 1820-1860 Mississippi slave count went from 32,000 to 436,000
 * During the same time, Virginia only went up from 425,000 to 490,000
 * Between 1840 and 1860 410,000 slaves moved from the upper south to the cotton states
 * The new center of Southern power was now the deep south

Weak Manufacturing Center
 * The manufacturing of the south also grew
 * There was growing activity in flour milling and in textile and iron manufacturing, particularly in the upper south
 * Industry remained an insignificant force in comparison with the agricultural economy
 * Total value of southern textile manufacturers in 1860 was 4.5 million
 * This was only 2 percent of the value of cotton
 * The brokers or “factors” who marketed the planters crops were very important
 * These merchants tended to live in the big towns
 * Planters frequently accumulated substantial debts, particularly in periods when cotton prices were down
 * Southern merchant/bankers became figures of considerable wealth and influence

Inadequate Regional Transportation System
 * The south lacked an adequate road system
 * Canals were almost non-existent, roads were crude and unsuitable for heavy transport and railroads, although they expanded in the 1840s and 50s failed to tie the south together
 * Many big towns were connected by rail
 * Most of the south remained unconnected to the national railroad system
 * Most lines were short and local
 * The principal means of transportation was water
 * Planters generally shipped their crops to market along rivers or by sea

In 1846, James B. D. De Bow of New Orleans began publishing a magazine advocating agricultural and commercial expansion in the South, called De Bow’s Review; pushed for support of economic independence from the North and warned of the dangers of the “colonial” relationship between the two regions; however, De Bow’s Review was considered to be further evidence that the South was in fact dependent on the North – it was printed in NY because there were not adequate facilities to do so in New Orleans, it was full of advertisements from Northern manufacturers, and its distribution paled in comparison to that of Northern publications
 * De Bow’s Review**

· despite growing concern for the South’s dependence on the North, the region made few efforts to build an economy to challenge that dependency · agricultural system and cotton production were extremely profitable and those with a capitalist attitude did not look very far into the future and focused only on making a profit in the present · wealthy southerners had so much capital invested in their land and slaves that they had little left for other investments · southern climate less suitable for industrial development than that of the North · to Northern observers, many Southerners seemed to lack the work ethic required for economic and industrial development
 * Reasons for Colonial Dependency**

failure to create an industrial economy in the South was also attributable to the set of values by which Southerners lived – considered themselves to be “cavaliers,” or people happily free from the corrupt ways of the Northern “yankees;” – said they were more concerned with a refined and gracious way of life than with rapid growth and development
 * The Cavalier Image**

Southern society had an image of being dominated by great plantations and wealthy, slaveholding landowners – largely because the white southerners who made up the planter aristocracy (cotton, sugar, rice, and tobacco crop growers), and usually owned over 50 slaves and 800 acres of land, were the people who exercised most of the power and influence in the South; the wealthiest had homes in towns or cities where they lived for several months of the year, others traveled to Europe frequently, and many used their plantations to host glamorous social events; most Southern aristocrats were new to their wealth and power
 * Planter Aristocracy**

the business of growing crops in the South, while it could be massively profitable, was often just as competitive and just as risky as the industrial enterprises of the North; planters were determined to make a profit just as much as Northern capitalists, although Southerners continued to criticize Northern ways; many planters moved frequently as new and more productive areas opened up to cultivation
 * Plantation** **Management**

wealthy Southern whites did all they could to preserve their image of themselves as aristocrats – avoided “coarse” occupations such as trade and commerce, those who were not planters often joined the military (a “suitable” career for men raised in a culture in which medieval knights were a powerful and popular image), and women in aristocratic society played their own unique role
 * Aristocratic Values**

-Public appearance of dignity and authority was almost as important to Southern white men as ethical behavior and bravery -The idea of avenging insults was almost a necessity in parts of Southern Society; Preston Brooks’ beating Charles Sumner with a cane on the Senate floor is indicative of this -This need for vengeance was heightened when white women were insulted, as this was the ultimate insult
 * Cult of Honor:**

-White men felt need to defend white women, which shows the dominant nature of men in Southern society -Most women lived on farms, which were isolated from the public world -This isolation was a barrier in gaining rights for women -Men were dominant in that they led the family, which was the primary economic unit on farms -Northern men did not have this same power, as women could work in factories -Southern women had less access to education than their Northern counterparts
 * Subordinate Status of Women:**

-Southern white birth rate 20% higher than the rest of the country -South had highest infant mortality rate as well -While wives of slave owners rarely had to work, their husbands frequently had sexual relations with slave women
 * Other Burdens:**

-More than half of the total number of students in the nation in 1860 were Southerners, but nearly all were from the upper class -South also had half of the nation’s illiterate whites, due mostly to poor elementary and secondary schools
 * Limited Educational Opportunities:**

-Name given to Southerners living in the Appalachian and Ozark mountain ranges, as well as other backcountry highland areas -These areas tended to have few ties with the Southern economy, as they were isolated -Disconnected with Southern cotton-producing economy -Used barter system more than money -Hill People felt threatened by slavery, as they feared it could infringe their independence -Hill People tended to resent plantation society, and did not support the Confederacy or succession for the most part
 * Hill People:**

-Nonslave-owning whites living amongst plantation system made up majority of Southern population -Most of these individuals supported the plantation system and slavery, as they were dependent on the aristocracy for access to cotton gins, markets for their goods, and credit -Close family ties of the South also led to close relationships between poor and wealthy -More democratic society than North; at least more widespread white male voting rights than in North -In spite of this, officeholders were almost always society’s elites -Cotton economy led to wealth for some of the poorer class, and enabled some to move to the fringes of plantation society
 * Close Relations with the Plantation Aristocracy:**

//Commitment to Paternalism// · Small farmers depended on male-dominated family structures more than great planters · Men were the masters of their homes · Women and children were under the master’s control · In the 1840s and 1850s farmers believed that an assault on one hierarchical system (slavery) would cause the patriarchy system to be challenged · About half a million white southerners believed in this theory, although they had no ties to the farm · Known as “cracker”, “sand hillers” or “poor white trash”. Lived in swamps and infertile lands · Sometimes resorted to eating clay, and suffered from disease like malaria

//Limited Class Conflict// · No real opposition to plantation system or slavery among southerners · Some bogged down by poverty so heavily that protest to systems worthless · Race was the most important factor to unify southern white population · Whites perception that they were the higher race reduced tensions · Poor and miserable white southerners believed they were of a ruling race

//Legal Basis of Slavery// · Slavery was established in law · Slave codes forbade slaves to hold property, to leave masters’ premises without permissions, congregate with other slaves in church, carry firearms, or self-defense against a white person. · The codes forbade whites from teaching slaves to read or write · No provisions to legalize slave marriages or divorces. · Slaves faced death penalty for killing a white person but not a crime if a white man killed a slave · Anyone with a trace of African American ancestry was considered black //Reality of Slavery// · Enforcement of the slave codes was uneven. · Some slaves did earn property and learned to read and write · The owners of the slaves generally inflicted varying punishments · Some slaves lived in prisonlike conditions · Relationship between slave and owner depended on size of plantation · Often white plantation owners worked next to their few slaves on farms · Relationship, whether paternal or cruel depended upon powerlessness of slaves and authority of master · Slaves preferred living on large plantations · “Head drivers”, trusted slaves, overseer for owners //Task and Gang Systems// · Large planters generally used one of two methods of assigning slave labor. One was task system · Task system was most common in rice culture. Slaves were assigned a particular talk in the morning like hoeing an acre. Then they were free for the day · The other was gang system, which was more popular · Cotton, sugar, and tobacco plantations used this system. Slaves were divided into groups, each directed by a driver and compelled to work for many hours //Special Position of Women// · Slaves generally received enough necessities to live and work · Masters gave them sustainable diets · Received cheap clothes, crude cabins called slave quarters · Slave women called healers most important source of medical care · Slaves worked hard beginning when they were children · Slave women worked especially hard in the same fields as men · Also took on stereotypical women chores · Women often acting as single parents because families divided · Women had special authority //High Slave Mortality Rate// · Slaves much less healthy than whites generally · Slave proportion to whites declined once importation of slaves became illegal · In 1820 there was one African American to every four; in 1840 one to every five · Children born into slavery died at a younger age than the average white person

WHERE HISTORIANS DISAGREE: THE CHARACTER OF SLAVERY There are two different pictures painted of slaves. Before the Civil War abolitionists depicted slavery to be a dehumanizing practice. Southerners attempting to preserve slavery depicted it to be a paternalistic practice that was completely necessary for the well being of black people. This debate has continued well beyond the Civil War era. The first scholar to formally address slavery was Ulrich B. Phillips 1918 in //American Negro Slavery.// He viewed slavery to be a practice that was needed for the wellbeing of the childlike negro, they needed their masters to look after them or they were bound to make bad decisions. Later other historians challenged Phillips synopsis. These historians showed slavery to be violent causing physical and psychological damage to its victims. Elkins compared it to the Holocaust in Nazi Germany. Some the most important scholarship is on the role of women. Elizabeth Fox-Genovese`s Within the Plantation Household (1988) showed how women were not only plantation workers but anchors in their society keeping their family together.

House Slaves House slaves did not endure the physical labor that the slaves in the field did. Some would double as house and field workers but on most large estates there was a separate domestic staff. The domestic staff lived much closer with the family. In some cases they would sleep in their master’s house the “big house”. For the most part these slaves hated being isolated from the others in the fields and they had an extreme lack of privacy living in the home. The repercussions for their actions were also harsher. They were often the first to leave the plantation after the civil war. Sexual Abuse Female house servants were often the victims of sexual abuse by their white masters. Some pressured into a supposedly consensual sexual relationship and others were just raped. These woman also faced their female masters who resented them for their relations with their husbands. They would increase their work load and cause psychological harm to them. Autonomy of Urban Slaves Most skilled urban slaves were left unsupervised after their workday. So then they were left to mingle with free blacks. Soon the distinct line between slave and freed man become obsolete. Many slave holders sold their male blacks to the country side leaving a high population of black women and a high population of white men accounting for the high birthrate of mullattoes. Even while slavery decreased mandatory segregation increased.

o Auctions held at a central slave market (Galveston, New Orleans, & others) o Slaves were inspected by biddersà traders made them more appealing with hair dye and oil o Price for young field slaves: $500-$1,700 o Attractive women were worth more o Domestic trade helped growth of southern industry o Children separated from parents either by being sold, or by death of master o Traders had a low social position granted by the plantation owners o 1800- Gabriel Prosser rallied 1,000 outside Richmond- ratted out by fellows, VA militia put a stop to it, leaders of rebellion (36) were executed o 1822- Denmark Vesey (free man) with 9,000 others plotted, also ratted out. o 1831- Nat Turner, armed rebels with guns and axes, killed 60 white people in VA. Overpowered by state troops. More than 100 black men were executed o Whites feared renewed violence with blacks o African American music depended on rhythm and dance o Banjo became crucial instrument o Passed time during the work day by singing o During religious gatherings they unleashed their true views of their situation and politics o Molded slave religion into the 19th century
 * Slave Markets**
 * Slaves being traded throughout west
 * Masters migrate
 * Pro Slave traders
 * The Foreign Slave Trade**
 * Forbidden after 1808
 * Smuggled in until the late 1850’s
 * Southern economic conventions discussed making it legal again as slaves were in short supply
 * Slaves imported would help the south to become economically independent
 * Proposal opposed by northern southern states (that made a profit from domestic sales)
 * Convention did vote to expand the foreign slave trade, supported by most.
 * Prosser and Turner Rebellions**
 * After emancipation majority of slaves were content with their freedom
 * Two extreme’s of black reaction to slavery
 * Sambo- recognized role given to him: shuffling, grinning, head-scratching
 * Rebellion- never excepted their role under white supremacy
 * Slave Resistance**
 * Some tried to run away to North or Canada
 * Some whites began to set up underground railroad- secret passage to safety
 * Odds of escape were low- distance, slaves uneducated about geography
 * Whites patrolled streets with bloodhounds asking to see travel permits for blacks
 * Those deemed runaways were captured
 * Punishment- whipping
 * Blacks refusal to work as resistance was interpreted as laziness
 * Some stole from masters
 * Losing or breaking masters’ possessions
 * Self sabotage and suicide
 * Violence against masters
 * Pidgin**
 * **Had their own language (combining African w/ English)**
 * **Common language incorporating recognized by all regions of African slaves****à** **Pidgin (mainly English)**
 * **Some aspects of the language remained for a long time.**
 * Importance of Slave Spirituals**

Little Leisure time for African American slaves and little opportunity to enjoy the cultural activities of Americans. Music played a huge role. Slaves sung alone but also together as a community while working in the fields, shucking corn, slaughtering hogs and repairing fences. Also sang during the few holidays they may have had and during religious services. Whites were unfamiliar with the passion and ecstasy slaves sang with. Some were even troubled by it. Some of the songs were spontaneous while others derived from Caribbean and African traditions that were passed on or from songs they heard performed previously. Slave sang whether or not there were musical instruments and often created instruments out of what was available. A Buffalo horn would be made into a flute. iron pieces, horse hair, sheeps ribs, cow jaws etc. Banjos- originated in Africa. Sometimes= recieve violins & guitars from master. Music accompanied: Dance: more spontaneous than nineteenth century steps. Story telling: religious songs or pre-gospel. Africans= chosen people awaiting redemption. Songs sung out of bitterness for slave holders. Slave holders found the music acceptable (did not listen carefully). Music was a way to escape the hardships of slaveryand was a vehicle used to express anger, resentment, and hope. White masters enjoyed the music because they enjoyed hearing it. Smart white masters understood it was a way to release emotion which prevented active resistance. Layed foundation for gospel, blues, jazz, rhythm and blues, rock, and rap. Slave religion was not suppose to be seperated from white rligion. Nineteenth century= most African Americans were Christian like their masters. Some converted voluntarily while other were persuaded by masters and Protestant misiionaries who evangelized among them. Masters expected blacks to worship under the supervision of a white minister because black churches were banned by law. 1840s to 1850s- Slavery and missionary efforts expanded and blacks become members of protestant churches in these years. BUT- Blacks developed their own versions of Christian religion where they incorporated African religion such a voodoo or bent religion to fit the circumstances of bondage. Slave prayer mettings were different from white= sponataneous exclamations, fervent chanting and ecstatic conversion experiences. Black religion emphasized the dream of freedom and religion. White= dream of freedom in the after life. Black: dream of freedom in the present life. Some African Americans had their own churches in cities in towns. In the countryside blacks attended church with whites in the back or on the balcony and then held their own services late at night. marriages suffered from legal restrictions like with religion. "Nuclear families" Black women bear children at a younger age than white women. Often as early as 14 or 15. Premarital pregnancy was not condemned and couples would begin living together before marriage. Cutomary for couples to marry in a ceremony involving formal vows soon after concieving a child. Marriages often occured between slaves on neighboring plantations. They were often given permission by masters to visit one another but it was often that some had to see each other in secrecy at night. Family ties were as strong as with whites and marriage often lasted a lifetime. Marriages that didn't survive were often the result of slave trade where families would be split. third of all black families were split. Average slaves would expect to see at least 10 relatives sold in his/her life time. accounted for some distinctive relationships of black family. Connections to more distant relatives. Extended kinship networks- aunts, uncles, grandparents and distant cousins- helped compensate for the breakup of nuclear families. A slave forced to move to a new area might create fictional kinship ties and become 'adopted' by a family in the new community. The impulse to maintain contact with a spouse or child remained strong. One of the most frequent causes of flight was trying to find relatives who were sent elsewhere. Black women were powerless to resist advances from slave owners and often produced mulatto children which becames slaves and were not recognized by their fathers. Plus Whites often formed paternal relationships with their slaves and made their slaves feel dependent on them (food, clothing, shelter, security & protection) This often served the ruling class because it was a vital instrument in white control and kept slaves from a copletely hostile attitude to their masters.
 * PATTERNS OF POPULAR CULTURE: THE SLAVES’ MUSIC**
 * Slave Religion**
 * Slave Marriages**
 * Importance of Kinship Networks**