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=**Chapter 14: The Civil War**=

**Main Ideas:**

 * 1) The establishment of the Confederacy, the failure of the final attempts at compromise, and the road to Fort Sumter.
 * 2) The social and economic mobilization of both the Union and Confederacy for war, and what that mobilization revealed about the nature and character of each side.
 * 3) The military strategy and campaigns of the Civil War, leading to the Union victory in April of 1865.

=

 * Essential Questions:**

**Text Resources:**
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**Handouts/Homework:**
Kyle Ward, History in the Making - An absorbing look at how American History Has Changed in the Telling Over the Last 200 Years, The New Press, 2006. ISBN: 987-1-59558-044-3 - Chapter 25: The Dakota Conflict of 1862 - Chapter 26: Sherman's March to the Sea
 * Further Reading:**

Madaras & SoRelle, Taking Sides; Clashing Views in United States History, Vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, 2008. ISBN: 978-0-07-352723-9 - Issue 16: Was the Confederacy Defeated Because of It's "Loss of Will?" Professor of history Richard E. Beringer and his colleagues argue that the Confederacy lacked the will to win the Civil War because of an inability to fashion a viable southern nationalism, increasing religious doubts about the Confederate cause, and guilt over slavery. Pulitzer Prize-winning historian James M. McPherson maintains that either side might have emerged victorious in the Civil War but that the Union success was contingent upon winning three major campaigns between 1862 and 1864.

- Issue 17: Did Abraham Lincoln Free the Slaves? Allen Guelzo insists that Abraham Lincoln was committed to freeing the nation’s slaves from the day of his inauguration and that, by laying the foundation for liberating some four million African Americans held in bondage, the Emancipation Proclamation represents the most epochal of Lincoln’s writings. Vincent Harding credits slaves themselves for engaging in a dramatic movement of self-liberation while Abraham Lincoln initially refused to declare the destruction of slavery as a war aim and then issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which failed to free any slaves in areas over which he had any authority.

Courvares, Saxton, Grob, Billias, //Interpretations of American History; Volume One//, Eighth Edition, Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. ISBN: 978-0-312-42049-3. Chapter 10 – The Civil War: Repressible or Irrepressible? - Allan Nevins, //The Emergence of// //Lincoln//, 1950. - William W. Freehling, //Democracy and the Causes of the Civil War//, 1994.

“The Civil War was not inevitable; it was the result of extremism and failures of leadership on both sides.” Assess the validity of this statement using the following documents and you knowledge of the period from 1830-1861. (AP Amsco DBQ p260)
 * DBQs:**

"To what extent was the breakup of the Union in 1861 a result of the conflict over slavery and to what extent was it due to other factors?" (Construct an essay that explains the reasons the nation went to war and what circumstances led to this point of national crisis). Use the documents and your knowledge of the time period 1844-1861 to construct your response. (Princeton Review, Cracking the APUSH Exam, p302, documents explained p337)


 * FRQs:**

Explain why and how the role of the federal government changed as a result of the Civil War with respect to TWO of the following during the period 1861-1877: -Race relations -Economic development -Westward expansion (2006 Q3, 2006 AP Workshop materials anchor packet p60-73)

Chapter 14 Brinkley Notes! ~Matt · Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed · Representatives met in Feb 1861 to form the Confederate States of America · South began to seize federal property in the seceded states ||  || · Several constitutional amendments: allow slavery, satisfy S. demands on fugitives slaves and DC slaves, reestablish Missouri Compromise line in all present and future territory · Compromise failed ||  || · Lincoln sent a supply ship to the fort; south decided to take the fort · On April 14, 1861 Major Robert Anderson surrendered the fort ||  || · Advanced industrial system à 1862 could manufacture all war materials · Better transportation à more railroads ||  || · Committed white population · believed that England and France would intervene to keep cotton supply coming ||  || · Homestead Act of 1862: any citizen could claim 160 acres for a small fee · Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862: transferred public land to state governments · Passed tariff bills à highest level in nation’s history by end of war · Moved to complete transcontinental railroad ||  || · banks could join if they had enough capital & invested 1/3 of it in govt. securities · Banks could issue US Treasury notes as currency à eliminated uncertainty in nation’s currency and created uniform system of national bank notes ||  || · 1861 – government first levied an income tax · Issued paper currency backed by good faith and credit à used sparingly and created inflation · American people bought over $400 million in bonds · Most loans came from banks and large financial interests ||  || · Voluntary system of recruitment produced adequate forces briefly · By March 1863 Congress passed national draft law à all young adult males eligible; men could hire someone to go in place or pay $300 · Opposition to draft widespread and sometimes riots protested it ||  || · Factions in the Democratic Party (Peace Democrats or Copperheads) mobilized opposition to war · Lincoln ordered military arrests of civilian dissenters and suspended the right of habeas corpus · Lincoln defied all efforts to curb his authority à defied Supreme Court ||  || · Lincoln won reelection ||  || · Radicals wanted the war to abolish slavery immediately and completely · Conservatives favored a gradual process for ending slavery · Confiscation Act declared all slaves whose actions supported the Confederate military effort to be free · In 1862 slavery was abolished in DC and in western territories · 2nd Confiscation Act declared the slaves of a person aiding or supporting the insurrection free; authorized the president t employ African Americans as soldiers ||  || · Declared forever free slaves in all areas of Confederacy, except those under Union control · Established that the war fought to preserve the Union and abolish slavery · In 1865 Congress approved and the states ratified the 13th amendment which abolished slavery in all parts of the United States ||  || · After a few months of war, black regiments took shape in the Union south · After the Emancipation Proclamation black enlistment increased and the Union recruited African-Americans actively · Most black soldiers got menial tasks behind the lines · Blacks paid 1/3 less than white soldiers until mid 1864 · Black fighting men capture by Confederates were sent back to masters or executed ||  || · War required expansion to coal production, railroad facilities · Industrial laborers lost purchasing power à led to hard times ||  || · Women entered nursing à U.S. Sanitary commission was an organization of volunteers that led female nurses to serve in field hospitals · By end of war women were dominant force in nursing · Nurses played a maternal role; same role as in the home · Women found the war liberating and worked to get women’s suffrage · The commission brought supplies to hospitals and improved sanitation ||  || · Jefferson Davis named president and Alexander Stephens named vp · Davis was unsuccessful à rarely provided national leadership · No formal political parties · Some southerners refused to acknowledge the new Confederate government ||  || · Had to create a national revenue system in a society that did not like heavy taxes · Relied on small and unstable banking system · Scarce liquid assets in south · Confederate Congress first tried to get states to provide money; went to an income tax eventually · Confederacy issued $1.5 billion in paper money; not uniform throughout; created chaos and horrible inflation ||  || · Many more white Southerners exempted from military service than Northerners ||  || · Confederate Congress tried to draft men 17 through 50 instead of 18 to 35 · The congress authorized the conscription of 300,000 slaves right before the end ||  || · Some resisted all efforts to create a national authority · With difficulty the Confederate government made substantial strides to centralize power in the South à larger bureaucracy than in DC ||  || · South’s railroad system destroyed and farmland was ruined · South experienced massive shortages after Northern blockade · Shortages, inflation, and suffering created increased instability · Food riots resulted · Confederates feared slave revolts ||  || · Had a problem finding commanders for his army; went through many before he found Ulysses S. Grant · Committee on the Conduct of War: joint investigative committee of Congress; critical of Lincoln’s and Grant’s handling of the war ||  || · Later named general in chief, but war ended before he took the position ||  || · Most successful officers saw beyond training and envisioned a new type of warfare that focuses on destruction of resources and battlefield tactics ||  || · Union Blockade: not fully effective; had major impact on Confederacy · Ironclads: warships covered in iron plating first used to attempt to break the Union blockade; eventually both sides sued them; //Virginia// and //Monitor// were two famous ironclads · Union navy important in the west; transported supplies and troops and joined in attacks on large, navigable rivers ||  || § Imported a lot of Southern cotton § Eager to weaken the United States b/c it was commercial rival § Admired the aristocratic social order of the South · British people popularly supported the Union · South appealed to Britain to get support by arguing the Britain needed the South’s cotton; Britain had enough cotton, workers in mills still supported North · No nation offered support to the South · Trent Affair: Union captain stopped British ship called //Trent// to arrest Southern diplomats going to Britain; Britain angry, makes demands to resolve situation · Confederacy tried to buy ships from Britain, Union upset, creates problems ||  || · Southerners and Southern sympathizers in West encouraged secession; led to some conflict · Vicious fighting in Kansas and Missouri caused by southern and northern supporters · Confederacy tried to negotiate alliances with the Five Civilized Tribes w/o success ||  || · Improved cannons and artillery as a result of advanced iron and steel was important · Technology forced infantry to fight by staying low to the ground or behind cover instead of in a formation; eventually both sides built elaborate fortifications · Sporadic use of hot air balloons to view enemy formations in the field · Iron clad ships used; suggested change in naval warfare to come · Torpedoes and submarine technology made a small appearance · Railroad important to transport soldiers and supplies · Telegraphs used to keep field officers in contact with each other ||  || · At Wilson’s Creek Nathaniel Lyon fought Confederate forces and lost, but seriously weakened the Confederates hold and Union forces eventually got control of Missouri · Union forces under George B. McClellan moved into western Virginia and helped the anti-secession people create their own state government; became West Virginia and it was admitted into the Union in 1863 ||  || · Union tried to seize control of the southern Mississippi river to divide the Confederacy and provide transportation into the South; ironclads and other vessels went up from the Gulf of Mexico to New Orleans and captured it · Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Tennessee and Cumberland surrendered to Grant in February of 1862; Grant gained control over river communications and forced Confederate forces out of Kentucky and half of Tennessee · At Shiloh, Tennessee Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard fought Grant in April of 1862; Grant won and the North occupied Corinth, Mississippi and established control of Mississippi river down to Memphis · At Battle of Murfreesboro or Stone’s River, Braxton Bragg led Confederate forces against Union forces; Bragg lost and withdrew to the south ||  || · While McClellan worked toward Richmond, Thomas J. Jackson led Confederate troops north towards Washington; defeated two separate Union forces and then got away before General Irvin McDowell could catch him · At Seven Pines Confederate troops under Joseph E. Johnston attacked McClellan’s army; Robert E. Lee replaced Johnston and fought McClellan · McClellan made it 25 miles from Richmond and then delayed so Lincoln sent him to meet up with John Pope · Pope fought Lee’s forces at the Second Battle of Bull run or Second Battle of Manassas and Pope lost · At Antietam Creek McClellan’s forces fought Lee’s in the bloodiest single-day battle of the war; McClellan won but wasted an opportunity to defeat Lee; McClellan was replaced by Ambrose E. Burnside; later removed at his own request ||  || · In the spring, Ulysses S. Grant went towards Vicksburg, Mississippi (1 of 2 Confederate strongholds on s. Mississippi River); took Vicksburg on July 4 · The other Confederate strong point on the river, Port Hudson, Louisiana surrendered at the same time; Union controlled the entire Mississippi · In June 1863 Lee moved into Maryland and then into Pennsylvania; Union Army of the Potomac under Hooker and then George C. Meade moved parallel with the Confederates and encountered each other at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania; Lee eventually withdrew after the battle on July 4; turning point b/c Confederate forces never again were a serious threat to Northern territory · in Tennessee, Union forces under William Rosecrans pursued Bragg’s retreating Confederate forces; engaged in the Battle of Chickamauga; Union forces could not break Confederate lines and retreated to Chattanooga · Bragg began a siege of Chattanooga; Grant brought his forces and the Union army drove Confederates into Georgia; Union forces now controlled the Tennessee River ||  || · Grant fought Lee in the Battle of Wilderness, Battle of Spotsylvania Court House; Grant could not win · Lee repulsed Union forces northeast of Richmond at Cold Harbor; Grant went to the railroad center at Petersburg in an attempt to cut off the capital’s communications; resulted in a 9 month siege · Sherman fought Johnston in one real battle at Kennesaw Mountain on Sherman’s route to Atlanta and Johnston could not stop the Union advance · John B Hood replaced Johnston and attacked Sherman twice and the Sherman took Atlanta on September 2 · Later, in the Battle of Nashville troops from Sherman’s army assisted in destroying Hood’s army · Sherman left Atlanta and began his March to the Sea à destroyed supplies in a 60 mile wide area of destruction across Georgia à sought to destroy supplies and break will of people · Sherman took Savannah and then left it in the beginning of 1865 and moved toward South Carolina · In April 1865, Grant’s Army of the Potomac captured a railroad junction southwest of Petersburg à Lee moved west in an attempt to get around Union forces and link up with Johnston · Union army blocked the escape and Lee surrendered his army on April 9, 1865 · Nine days later near Durham, North Carolina Johnston surrendered to Sherman ||  || · Weakened the South’s economy à destroyed millions in property and depleted young male population · Strengthened Northern dominance · Resulted in the freedom of slaves ||  ||
 * **The Secession Crisis** ||  ||
 * The Withdrawal of the South || · South Carolina voted to secede first – December 60, 1860
 * Crittenden Compromise || · Proposed by Senator J. Crittenden of Kentucky
 * Fort Sumter || · Offshore military installation the south could not seize at first
 * The War Begins || · Lincoln prepares for war; Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, & North Carolina secede ||  ||
 * Union Advantages || · 2x population of South; 4x free population of South
 * Southern Advantages || · Fought defensive war on own land
 * **The Mobilization of the North** ||  ||
 * Republican Economic Policy || · No Southern forces = Republicans have unchallenged authority
 * National Bank Acts || · The Acts of 1863-1864 created a new national banking system
 * Financing the War || · Congress levied taxes, issued paper currency, and borrowed
 * Raising the Union Armies || · Over 2 million served in Union forces; only 16,000 in regular army at start of war
 * Wartime Repression || · Lincoln’s greatest political problem was popular opposition to war
 * 1864 Election || · Northern military victories in September of 1864 rejuvenated Northern morale = boosted Republican prospects
 * The Politics of Emancipation || · Republicans disagreed on the issue of slavery
 * Emancipation Proclamation || · January 1, 1863 Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation
 * African Americans and the Union Cause || · About 186,000 emancipated blacks served as soldiers
 * The War and Economic Development || · War sped economic development of the North; as a result of dominance of Republican Part and the nationalistic economic legislation
 * Women, Nursing, and the War || · Women took over positions vacated by men, worked as teachers, retail sales clerks, office workers, and mill and factory hands
 * **The Mobilization of the South** ||  ||
 * The Confederate Government || · Confederate constitution almost identical to the Constitution; except it acknowledged the sovereignty of the states, sanctioned slavery
 * Financing Problems || · Financing the Confederate effort was ultimately impossible
 * Raising the Confederate Army || · Confederacy raised military by calling for volunteers and enacted a Conscription Act in 1962
 * Manpower Shortages || · In 1864 there was a shortage
 * States’ Rights versus Centralization || · Greatest source of division in South was the doctrine of states’ rights
 * Economic and Social Effects of War || · War robbed industries that did not have large slave populations of workers
 * New Roles for Women || · Women left with the jobs of keeping families together and maintaining agricultural production ||  ||
 * **Strategy and Diplomacy** ||  ||
 * Lincoln’s Leadership |||| · Successful b/c he realized that he had advantages and then used them and b/c his goal was to destroy the Confederate armies and not occupation of territory
 * Robert E. Lee |||| · Named principal military adviser by Davis in 1862; was a general for Confederates
 * The Commanders |||| · Many professional officers were graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point and the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis
 * The Role of Sea Power |||| · Union had advantage in naval power; navy had 2 roles: enforce blockade of Southern coast and assist Union armies
 * Europe and the Disunited States |||| · England and France generally sympathetic to Confederacy at start of war
 * The American West and the War |||| · Removed from fighting; played a continuing political, diplomatic, and military part
 * |||||||| **The Course of Battle** ||
 * High Casualties || · More than 618,000 died in the Civil war; 2000 deaths for 100,000 of population ||  ||
 * The Technology of Battle || · Repeating weapons such as the repeating pistol and the repeating rifle were among the most important introductions of the Civil War
 * The Opening Clashes, 1861 || · On July 21, 1861 in the First Battle of Bull Run troops under General Irvin McDowell tried to disperse confederate forces and almost succeeded
 * The Western Theater || · In the East there was a stalemate; first decisive operation in 1862 occurred in the west
 * The Virginia Front, 1862 || · George McClellan directed Union operation in 1862; reluctant to commit troops to battle; attempted to take Richmond
 * 1863: Year of Decision || · Battle of Chancellorsville: Stonewall Jackson attacked the Union to the right and Lee attacked the Union from the front; Union forces under General Joseph Hooker barely escaped
 * The Last Stage, 1864-1865 || · Ulysses S. Grant became chief of all Union armies; planed two offenses for 1864: Army of the Potomac would advance toward Richmond and force Lee into a decisive battle and William T. Sherman would advance toward Atlanta and destroy the remaining Confederate force further south of Georgia
 * Impact of the North’s Victory || · Strengthened the North’s economy à gave spur to industry and railroad development

• With the election of Abraham Lincoln, militant leaders in the South began to demand an end to the Union • Champions of “Southern nationalism”, known as the “fire-eaters”
 * Southern Nationalism**

• South Carolina seceded 1st in a unanimous decision on December 20, 1860 • Mississippi – January 9, 1861 • Florida – January 10, 1861 • Alabama – January 11, 1861 • Georgia – January 19, 1861 • Louisiana – January 26, 1861 • Texas – February 1, 1861 • All 7 states had seceded by the time Lincoln took office, and they met at Montgomery, Alabama to form the Confederate States of America • Northern response was confused and indecisive – In 1860, President James Buchanan had told Congress that no state had the right to secede from the Union but also suggested that the federal gov’t had not authority to stop a state if it did • The seceding states immediately seized federal property within their boundaries – forts, arsenals, gov’t offices, etc. • At first, they did not have the military power to seize either Fort Sumter in SC or Fort Pickens in FL, both of which were fortified by the US military • January 1861 – Buchanan refuses to surrender Fort Sumter and sends more troops and supplies, leading to the first shots fired between North and South • Neither section was yet ready to acknowledge that a war had begun, and compromise efforts began once more in Washington
 * Establishment of the Confederacy**


 * Crittenden Compromise**
 * Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky submitted a proposal known as the Crittenden Compromise
 * Called for several constitutional amendments – would guarantee the permanent existence of slavery in the slave states and would satisfy Southern demands on issues such as fugitive slaves and slavery in Washington, DC
 * At the heart of Crittenden’s plan was a proposal to reestablish the MO Compromise line in all present and future territory of the US – slavery would be prohibited north of the line and permitted south of it
 * Republicans in the Senate refused to accept Crittenden’s plan – would not abandon their most fundamental position: that slavery not be allowed to expand

The War Begins Union Advantages Southern Advantages The Causes of the Civil War (pg 376-377)

__Republican Economic Policy:__ Homestead Act of 1862: permitted any citizen or prospective citizen to claim 160 acres of public land and to purchase it for a small fee after living on it for 5 years Morrill Land Grant Act: transferred substantial public acreage to the state governments, which were to sell the land and use the proceeds to finance public education (led to the creation of many new state colleges and universities "land grant institutions" Congress passed a series of tariff bills that raised duties to the highest level in history by the end of the war. Congress moved to complete a transcontinental railroad. Union Pacific Railroad Company: build westward from Omaha, Central Pacific- built eastward from California Two projects were to meet in the middle and complete the link. Government provided free public lands & loans to the companies. __National Bank Acts:__ National Bank Acts of 1863-1864- created a new national banking system. Existing or newly formed banks could join the system if they had enough capital and were willing to invest one-third of it in governmental securities. In return: they could issue U.S. treasury notes as currency. The new system eliminated much of the chaos and uncertainty in the nation's currency and created a uniform system of national bank notes. __Financing the War__ Financing the war was more difficult than promoting economic growth was financing the war itself. Government tried to do so in three ways: by levying taxes, issuing paper currency and borrowing. 1861- government levied an income tax for the first time Rates that eventually rose to 10 percent on incomes above $5,000. Taxation raised only a small proportion of the funds necessary for financing the war. Strong popular resistance prevented the government from raising the rates. "greenbacks". - not backed by gold or silver but by good faith and the credit of the government like today. Greenbacks fluctuated with the fortunes of the North. 1864- war effort bogged down- 39% of a gold dollar close of war- only 67% of a gold dollar The Treasury- issued only $450 million worth of paper currency- a small proportion of the cost of the war but enough to produce significant inflation. loans from American people: largest source of financing for the war. Treasury persuaded ordinary citizens to buy over $400 million worth of bonds.- first example of mass financing of a war in history. __Draft Riots:__ People were accustomed to remote and inactive national government. Opposition to the law was wide spread Democrats opposed to war = peace democrats. Demonstrators against the draft rioted in New York City for four days in July 1863, after the first names were selected for conscription. Irish workers were at the center of the violence- 100 died. blamed African American for the war and were angry because black strike bearers had been used against them in the longshoreman's strike. __Wartime Repression__ Lincoln's greatest problem= widespread popular opposition to the war- mobilized by factions in the Democratic party Peace Democrats- Copperheads- feared that agriculture and the Northwest= losing influence to industry and the East Republican nationalism eroding states rights Lincoln suppressed them by military arrests of civilian dissenters and suspended the right of habeas corpus (the right of an arrested person to a speedy trial) methods only in sensitive areas at first- border states 1862-proclaimed all who discouraged enlistments and engaged in disloyal practices= subject to martial law. 13,000 arrested in all Clement L. Vallandigham- war to " free blacks, and enslave whites "- arrested __1864 Election__ Lincoln vs. Andrew Johnson (war democrat) opposed state's decision to secede- 1862 Democrats nominated George B. McClellan- celebrated former general- relieved of his command by Lincoln- adopted platform denouncing war and calling a truce. Democrats use war weariness and Union's discouraging military position. in the summer of 1864. Northern military victories - particularly the capture of Atlanta, Georgia- rejuvenated Northern morale Lincoln- 212 electoral McClellan-21 Every state except Kentucky, New Jersey and Delaware. popular vote=10% Democrats may have won if Union troops were not allowed to vote under Lincoln's special arrangements. __Confiscation Acts__ Lincoln's cautious view behind emancipation- still gained momentum early on. 1861- Confiscation Act-declared all slaves used in the military effort on the Confederate side would be considered freed 1862- slavery abolished in the District of Columbia, western territories and compensated owners. 186s- second Confiscation Act- declared free the slaves of persons aiding and supporting the insurrection and authorized the president to employ African Americans into the army. North accepted emancipation as the central war aim. Radicals increased their influence in the republican party. __Emancipation Proclamation__ September 22, 1863. After the Union vistory at the battle of Anteitam- war powers used to free all slaves in the confederate territory. except those already under Union control. Tennessee, West Virginia and southern Louisiana. did not apply to border states which didn't secede from the union. Clear statement that the war was fought not only over the union but over slavery as well. As federal armies occupied much of the north the proclamation became a reality. 1865- states ratify 13th amendment
 * Julie:**

Jess: Black Enlistment Mistreatment of Black Soldiers Hard Times for Workers Traditional Gender Roles Reinforced Nursing and Medicine Davis' Leadership Southern Divisions Funding Problems

Nikki:

· America’s expansion into the western regions was one of the principal reasons for the Civil War · The North’s commitment to fighting against the seceding states was because they wanted to consolidate the nation and not dismantle it. · Other countries faced similar issues in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries such as Spain, Britain, and Russia · Growing nationalism cuased people to believe that consolidating s nstion was best to bond their nation · Nationalism was product of the centralization of governments in many areas of the world · In 1848 a wave of nationalist revolutions erupted n Italy, France, and Austria, challenging the imperial powers. · Germnay was divided inro numerous small states in the early 19th century · Spurred by German volk (people) and images of German tradition · In 1862King Wilhelm I of Prussia appointed Otto von Bismarch as prime minister of one of the states · Helped exploit nationalism and launched Prussian war · Prussia easily won, notably war in 1871, which allows them to capitalize on nationalism · Caused German king to call himself emperor or Kaiser of empire that united all German people except those in Austria and Switzerland · Another great European movement was in Utaly which was divided into small kingdoms · Italian nationalists formed Young Italy movement under leadership of Giuseppe Mazzini.
 * The Consolidation of Nations**

//Rasing the Confederate Army// · The Confederacy fist raised a military by calling for volunteers · By 1861 volunteers declined · Congress enacted Conscription Act, which subjected all white males between ages of 18 and 35 to military service for 3 years · Aroused opposition from poorer whites until repeal in ‘63 · One white male on a plantation with 20 or more slaves could be exempted, which angered some Southerners · At the end of 1862 about 500,000 men were in the Confederate military

//Manpower Shortage//
 * 1864 the government faced manpower shortage
 * The Confederacy desperately tried drafting men 17-50
 * In ’64-’65 there were 100,000 desertions
 * Congress authorized the conscription of 300,000 slaves but the war ended

//Centralization//
 * The doctrine of States’ rights was the biggest division in South
 * States’ rights resembled a cult and they resisted efforts of national authority, even efforts toward winning the war
 * Restricted Davis’s ability to impose martial law, conscription, and suspended habeas corpus
 * By the end of the war, the Confederate government did make strides in centralizing powers
 * Confederate bureaucracy was larger than Washington gov.
 * National government experimented with a “food draft”
 * Allowed soldiers to feed themselves by seizing crops from farms
 * Government impressed slaves to work as laborers
 * Confederacy seized control of railroads and shipping

//Economic Woes//
 * After the Northern naval blockade was put into effect, the South experienced a massive shortage of practically everything
 * South primarily focused on cotton for its exports so it did not grow enough food for themselves
 * The diminished white male workforce decreased the ability to produce food.
 * Many communities were without medical care because the conscription forced doctors to serve
 * The inflation, shortages, and suffering caused increasing instability in the South

//New Roles for Women//
 * The war transformed the Confederate society in the same ways as it changed the Union
 * Women had the responsibility of raising the family and tending to the farms because the men were fighting
 * Southern women in particular transformed
 * They had to be responsible for slave and some had to plow field and harvest crops
 * Some became school teachers, nurses and worked in government agencies
 * War forced women to question the assumption that women were unsuitable for certain activities
 * Number of acceptable roles for women in South increased after the war
 * Women had to find employment because they outnumbered the men


 * Baseball and the Civil War**
 * Baseball was the most popular sport in America and a favorite pastime for soldiers and thousands of other men during the Civil War
 * Derived from a variety of earlier games like cricket and rounders
 * Began in 1840s when Alexander Cartwright formed the NY Knickerbockers and laid out diamond shaped field, three strikes
 * By 1860s people of all ages and races played baseball, even women
 * Games in NY drew crowds of ten or twenty thousand
 * Games allowed military men to forget the ranks of other men and to forget about the war itself

//Lincoln////’s Leadership//
 * Lincoln was the most important military commander for the Union
 * He took advantage of the North’s material advantages
 * Lincoln had a problem of finding an adequate chief of staff
 * Tried General Winfield Scott, George B. McClellan, then settled upon General Henry W. Halleck
 * Ulysses S. Grant had a similar belief of making enemy armies and resources rather than enemy territory as Lincoln had
 * Lincoln trusted Grant and gave him free hand

Dan: Robert E. Lee
 * In 1862 Lee was named the principal military advisor for the South
 * Within a few months he left Richmond to take command of forces in the field
 * Lee was very moderate- he opposed secession and was ambivalent about slavery
 * He didn’t want to break with Virginia and left the US Army in 1861 to lead the confederates
 * He is the most revered white southern leader of the Civil War

The Union Blockade
 * The Union had an overwhelming advantage in naval power
 * The Union navy had two roles, 1-blockade the Southern coast and 2-assist the Union Army
 * The blockade of the south was never fully effective but it had major impact
 * For the most part, the Confederates were unable to get ships out to sea
 * The blockade grew worse for the Confederacy as the Union navy began to take the ports themselves

Ironclads
 * In order to break the blockade, the Confederacy tried new weapons
 * They used an old US frigate, the //Merrimac// and plated the sides in Iron
 * On March 8, 1862 the ship was renamed the //Virginia// and left Norfolk to attack the blockade of wooden ships at Hampton Roads
 * It destroyed two ships and scattered the rest
 * The Union was not far behind with ironclads of its own
 * The Union ironclad the //Monitor// arrived a few hours later
 * The next day the //Monitor// met the //Merrimac/////Virginia// and neither was able to sink the other
 * This was the beginning of ships being built of metal

King Cotton Diplomacy
 * Both the North and the South wanted the backing of foreign countries
 * Both the French and English governments leaned toward supporting the Confederacy because they saw the Union as a commercial threat
 * France would not act until England did and England didn’t act because there was tremendous popular support for the North because of the slavery issue
 * Southern leaders hoped to counter the strength of the British antislavery forces by arguing that access to Southern Cotton was vital to the English and French textile industries
 * This diplomacy was a failure
 * English manufacturers had a surplus of both raw cotton and finished goods on hand in 1861 and could withstand a temporary loss of American cotton
 * As the south continued to deny them cotton, England and France managed to keep some of their mills open by importing cotton from Egypt, India and other places
 * Also, the English workers, who the cotton shortage affected most, did not want the blockade broken as they supported the Union
 * No European nation offered diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy or intervened in the war

Trent Affair
 * In late 1861, two confederate diplomats, James Mason and John Slidell had slipped through the blockade to Cuba
 * There they boarded the English ship, the //Trent// for England
 * While they were in Cuban waters, the American frigate San Jacinto stopped the ship
 * The impetuous commander Charles Wilkes acted without authorization and arrested the diplomats and carried them in triumph to Boston
 * The British government demanded the release of the prisoners, an apology and reparations
 * The union government knew that Wilkes had violated maritime law and didn’t want to risk war with England
 * They stalled negotiations until the public opinion had cooled off then released the prisoners with an indirect apology

Guerilla War in the West
 * While all of the west except Texas stayed loyal to the Union, there were plenty of secessionists living there
 * In Kansas and Missouri in particular there was much violence between pro and anti-slave groups
 * William C. Quantrill was an Ohio native who became a captain the confederate army
 * He organized a band of teenage guerrilla fighters who terrorized areas around the Kansas-Missouri border
 * Quantrill and his band were known for killing everyone in their path
 * They laid siege to Lawrence, Kansas and slaughtered 150 civilians both adults and children
 * Quantrill was killed by Union troops shortly after the end of the war
 * Union sympathizers in Kansas organized into groups called Jayhawkers
 * They were no less savage as they moved across western missour exacting reprisals for the actions of Quantrill and other confederate guerrillas
 * One Jayhawk unit was commanded by the son of John Brown and the brother of Susan B. Anthony
 * Even without a major battle, the border of Kansas and Missouri was one of the most bloody and terrorized places in the United States

High Casualties
 * The four year Civil war was the bloodiest war in American history
 * More American lives were lost than any other conflict prior or since
 * More than 618,000 Americans died in the Civil war as opposed to the 115,000 who died in WWI and the 318,000 in WWII
 * There were 2,000 deaths for every 100,000 of population during the civil war
 * In WWI the number of deaths in comparison was 109 and in WWII 241

Repeating Weapons
 * One of the most obvious changes in the character of warfare in the 1860s was the nature of the armaments that both sides used
 * This war saw the introduction of the repeating weapons
 * Samuel Colt had patented a repeating pistol (the revolver) in 1835 but more important was the repeating rifle introduced in 1860 by Oliver Winchester
 * Two years later, Richard Gatling perfected the revolving machine gun although it was seldom used in the Civil war
 * Cannons and artillery were also greatly improved

Kayleigh: Importance of the Railroad The Telegraph First Battle of Bull Run Wilson's Creek New Orleans Captured o 1862 North tries to take lower Mississippi River to cut Confederacy in half, and easy transportation o April 25- Surrender to union o David G Rarragut sailed to New Orleans through Confederate forts o Lost banking center and trade route o 1862- Ulysses S. Grant- Fort Henry victory o Feb 6- Fort Donelson- surrendered 10 days later o Forced confeds out of Tennessee and Kentucky Shiloh- April 6-7 George McClellan Seven Pines May 31- June 1 Antietam
 * Ability to transport large armies (250,000)
 * Transport supplies
 * Battle plans etched around lines—armies limited to transporting their armies along stops.
 * Ability transport brought about bigger battles, more casualties
 * Trained telegraph operators were scarce
 * Inconvenient to bring to battle
 * US Military Telegraph Corps ( Thomas Scott, Andrew Carnegie)- trained and employed 1200 operators
 * Eventually the telegraph lines followed the troops
 * Spies from either side tried to tap into the other’s
 * July 21
 * 30,000 Union Members under Irvin McDowell
 * Smaller force in Manassas under PGT Beauregard
 * Union felt a swift victory would end the war
 * McDowell marched w/ inexperienced army
 * Beauregard got support at Bull Run
 * Union broke ranksà retreat to Washington
 * Moral blow to Union, President, and citizens
 * 1861
 * Missouri gathers behind Gov. Claiborne Jackson to secede
 * Nathaniel Lyon commands St. Louis (died in the battle)
 * August 10
 * Confederates win the battle, but they are weakened to point where statewide unionists hold power
 * West VA joins union from those of VA who wanted to remain with the union (1863)
 * Not militarily important (mountains)
 * Grant tried to attack railroad along the Tennessee River ( 40,000 men)
 * Attacked by secret force in Shiloh led by Alberd Sidney Johnston and Beauregard
 * 1st day- Johnston killed but north driven back to river
 * 2nd day- northern reinforcements 25,000
 * Union victory- controlled river to Memphis, occupied Corinth, access to railroads.
 * December 31- Jan 2 Battle of Murfreesboro- Braxton Bradd (C) v. Don Carlos Buell and William S. Rosecrans. Union wins
 * Commander of the army of Potomac.
 * Passed up attempts for glory for his men
 * Good teacher
 * 1861-1862 decided to try and capture Richmond
 * Peninsular Campaign- sail down Potomac to peninsula east of Richmond between York and James Rivers—attack from there (100,000 men)
 * 30,000 stay with McDowell to protect Washington
 * Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson marched through Shenandoah valley as though he were going to attack Washington
 * Lincoln sent McDowell’s to stop him
 * Valley Campaign May 4- June 9 ’62 Jackson defeats forces
 * Joeseph E. Johnston attacked McClellan’s army attacking Richmond
 * Robert E. Lee replaces wounded Johnston
 * Battle of Seven Days June 25- July 1 (Lee wanted to cut McClellan off from York River)
 * McClellan fights through it
 * Lincoln preferred land approach
 * McClellan ordered join John Pope—attacked before joined in the Second Battle of Bull Run (August 29-30) retreat to Washington
 * McClellan in charge of all Union troops
 * McClellan got a tip off of Lee’s orders
 * Stonewall Jackson to Harper’s Ferry
 * McClellan stalled, Lee gathers forces at Antitam Creek in Sharpsburg
 * September 17 McClellan (87,000), Lee (50,00)
 * Bloodiest battle
 * 6,000 died, 17,000 serious injuries
 * McClellan allowed Lee to retreat after Jackson sent reinforcements
 * McClellan replaced in Novemberà Ambrose Burnside
 * Launched attacks against Lee December 13, bloody, worthless
 * Relieved at his own request

Jack: -Gen. Joseph Hooker moved to attack Lee’s army at Fredericksburg, VA -Hooker had twice as many men, but grew nervous and took a defensive position at the last minute -Lee divided his army in half to flank the union army -Gen. Stonewall Jackson took one half of the army and Lee the other -Union objectives defeated, but army remained intact -Stonewall Jackson was mortally wounded by his own men in the conflict
 * Battle** **of Chancellorsville:**

-Vicksburg, Mississippi was one of two Confederate strongholds on the Mississippi River -Vicksburg was well defended by rough terrain to the front and sides, so Grant attacked it from behind -Attack turned into a prolonged siege, and Vicksburg was taken in six weeks
 * Vicksburg****:**

-Lee proposed invading Pennsylvania to draw Union forces away from the South -Successful invasion of Union territory might also draw aid from Britain and France -Union Army of the Potomac (commanded now by Meade instead of Hooker) followed Lee’s army north -Armies met at Gettysburg, PA -Union army took defensive position on hilly southern end of town -Lee attacked position repeatedly, though outnumbered -Most notable assault on Union defenses was Pickett’s Charge, in which 15,000 Confederate troops advanced toward the Union army across open terrain -The 5,000 who survived were forced to surrender -After 3 days, the Confederate army withdrew from Gettysburg, marking a major turning point in the war
 * Gettysburg:**

-Chattanooga, Tenn. held by Union army -Confederate Gen. Bragg began siege of city -Grant’s army came and saved town from siege, and Bragg retreated to Georgia -This was critical, as it meant four Confederate states were cut off from the rest of the South
 * Battle** **of Chattanooga:**

-Grant launched two campaigns in 1864 -The northern campaign’s target was Richmond, where Lee would be forced into a decisive battle -The southern campaign had Gen. Sherman marching toward Atlanta and destroying Confederate forces further south -Grant’s Northern campaign changed: his target became Petersburg, where there was a railroad center. By cutting off this center, he could cut off the Confederate Capital from the rest of the south
 * Grant's Strategy:**

-Confederate forces in South outnumbered by Sherman’s forces -Gen. Johnston would not directly engage Sherman, but had a small victory at Kennesaw Mountain -Gen. Hood replaced Gen. Johnston -Hood attacked Sherman several times, which only weakened the Confederate forces -Sherman took Atlanta, which helped to unite the Republican Party behind Lincoln
 * Capture of Atlanta:**

-Sherman’s army marched from Atlanta toward the Atlantic -March became infamous, as Union army “lived off of the land” -Sherman cut huge path of destruction across Georgia in an attempt to destroy Southern supplies and communications as well as the will of the Southern people -Sherman continued his march northward into the Carolinas
 * March to the Sea:**

-Union army prevented Lee’s force (defeated at Petersburg) from meeting up with Johnston in the South -Lee realized victory was hopeless and arranged a meeting with Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, VA, where he surrendered
 * Appomattox** **Courthouse:**