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= Chapter 5: The American Revolution=

**Main Ideas:**

 * 1) The political strategies employed by the 2nd Continental Congress in declaring their independence from England and uniting the colonies in military endeavor.
 * 2) The battle strategies and military contingencies that characterized the three distinct phases of the American War of Independence.
 * 3) The attempt by Americans to apply revolutionary republican ideology to the building of the nation and to the remaking of society, and how this application affected such minority groups as African-Americans, Native-Americans, and women in the newly independent colonies.
 * 4) The problems that remained after, or were created by, the American Revolution and that were faced by the weak national government under the Articles of Confederation.


 * Essential Questions:**

**Textbook Resources:**
History Lessons - Ch 7 (The American Revolution: Great Britain, France, Canada, Caribbean, Germany) Soviet "Modern History Textbook for the Ninth Form" (1965) - [|**Chapter 3**: The War of Independence of the English Colonies in North America and the Creation of the U.S.A.]

**Handouts/Homework:**
05 Declaration of Independence Opinion Poll: [] 05 American Revolution mc Quiz - []

05 American Revolution mc - [] 05 American Revolution critical-thinking quiz - [] 05 To Independence critical thinking quiz - []
 * Quizzes:**

Kyle Ward, History in the Making - An absorbing look at how American History Has Changed in the Telling Over the Last 200 Years, The New Press, 2006. ISBN: 987-1-59558-044-3 - Chapter 11: **The Boston Massacre** - Chapter 12: Lexington and Concord - Chapter 13: Massacre at Wyoming
 * Further Reading:**
 * - Chapter 14: Women in the Revolutionary War**

Madaras & SoRelle, Taking Sides; Clashing Views in United States History, Vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, 2008. ISBN: 978-0-07-352723-9 - Issue 6: Did the American Revolution Produce a Christian Nation? Nathan Hatch argues that by eroding traditional appeals to authority and expanding the number of people who believed they were competent to think for themselves about freedom, equality, and representation, the American Revolution led to an expansion of evangelical Christianity that reinforced the democratic impulses of the new society. Jon Butler insists that men and women seldom referred to America as a “Christian nation” between 1760 and 1790 and that even though Christianity was important, most Americans opposed a Christian national identity enforced by law or governmental action.

Courvares, Saxton, Grob, Billias, //Interpretations of American History; Volume One//, Eighth Edition, Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. Chapter 5 – The American Revolution: Moderate or Radical? - T.H. Breen, Ideology //and Nationalism on the Eve of the American Revolution//, 1997. - Gary B. Nash, //The Unknown American Revolution//, 2005.

Robert Patton, //Patriot Pirates: The Privateer War for Freedom and Fortune in the American Revolution//, Pantheon, 2008. ISBN: 978-0375422843 Patton (//The Pattons: A Personal History of an American Family//) turns his attention to an often overlooked aspect of the Revolutionary War: maritime privateering, or legalized piracy. Patton is careful to distinguish the mixed motives of these patriot pirates, for often there was less patriotism than simple greed. Nevertheless, their work fulfilled George Washington's strategic aim to win the war by exhausting Britain into giving up the struggle. In what Patton terms a massive seaborne insurgency that dwarfed the efforts of the colonists' small navy, thousands of privateers nettled British shipping, sometimes gaining vast fortunes. Privateering also turned into a handy political issue when Benjamin Franklin, the American representative in France, succeeded in persuading his hosts to allow Yankee skippers to sell their booty in French ports—a breach of the country's neutrality that aggravated diplomatic tensions, as Franklin knew it would, and helped cement Paris's commitment to American independence. Patton gives an absorbing exhumation of an undersung subject that will be of particular interest to Revolution buffs. //(May 20)// Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
 * From Publishers Weekly**

Exam tip:** This assignment is generally to prepare you for the military aspects of the war that are likely to be multiple choice questions on the test. In this chapter we will focus our primary attention on the political, social, and cultural changes resulting from the war. Make special note of the political aspects of today's assignment -the creation of state governments (Amsco), alliances, foreign assistance, diplomacy. - Defining the War Aims - The Decision for Independence - Responses to Independence - Mobilizing for War - Financing the War - Foreign assistance - American Advantages in the War for Independence - The First Phase: New England - The Second Phase: The Mid-Atlantic Region - The Iroquois and the British - Securing Aid from Abroad - The Final Phase: The South - Nathanael Greene - Yorktown - Wwinning the peace - "America and the World - The Age of Revolutions" p140-141
 * Day 34: Tuesday 10/20 - MILITARY & POLITICAL: "The American Revolution"
 * In class**: be prepared to use your Amsco and Brinkley notes to tell the story of the American Revolution.
 * Homework due**: Terms from Amsco Cornell Notes Ch 5: p77 - 84
 * Homework due:** Brinkley Cornell Notes Ch 5: p126-141 (terms provided below)

homework due:** Amsco Cornell Notes p85-87 Republicanism Inequality First State Constitutions Written Constitutions & State Legislatures Revising State Governments Toleration and Slavery The Search for a national Government (finish the terms yourself p149-155)
 * Day 35/36: Block- POLITICAL: Creating State Governments and a National Government
 * homework due:** Brinkley Cornell Notes p147-155

homework due:** Amsco p86-87 Loyalists Disestablishment of the Anglican Church African Americans Native Americans Women of the Army Mary Wollstonecraft [] Calls for women's rights A strengthened Patriarchal Structure War economy - new patterns of trade
 * Day 37: Friday: SOCIAL Change - "Republicanism"
 * homework due:** Brinkley Cornell Notes p141-6

Amsco Ch 6 p96-107 Brinkley p159-174 Amsco p116-120 "political parties" Amsco p108-113; "Downfall of the Fderalists" Brinkley p174-178
 * Day 38: Monday:** POLITICAL - "The Second American Revolution - Creating the Constitution"


 * In class activity:** 1985 DBQ: From 1781 to 1789 the Articles of Confederation provided the United States with an effective government." Evaluate this statement using the documents and your knowledge of the time period.[[file:1781 1985DBQ-ArticlesOfConfederation.pdf]]

Prepare for this however you like, but you should spend 30 minutes writing this FRQ without the aid of outside materials. Help: Read "The Great Debate: Ratifying the Constitution of 1789," pages 51-57 for 3 different perspectives:
 * Day 39 Tuesday:** "Antifederalism"
 * Homework due:** 2008 FRQ Form B Q2 - Analyze the reasons for the Antifederalists opposition to the Constitution.

Homework preparation:** Choices Simluation - read and prepare for the Debate of 1789: Sign up for your option of choice here: 1. Logan Placey 2. Shannon Kane 3. Erin 4. Colleen 5.Chris Lafond 6. Brent Bosley 7. 1. Ashley 2. Annie 3. Haley 4. Matt 5. 6. 7. 1.Ross Johnson 2. JT 3. Caitlyn Coburn 4. Sarah Daigle 5. Caitlin Sylvia 6.Josh Cain 7. Molly
 * Day 40/41 Block:
 * Option 1:** Unite Around the Constitution (no more than 7 members in this group)
 * Option 2:** Clearly Define Individual Rights (no more than 7 members in this group)
 * Option 3:** Trust in the Common Citizen (no more than 7 members in this group)

Study your terms for a quiz.
 * Day 42 Friday:

Check back later for Monday's assignment.**

2006 Form B Q2: "The United States Constitution of 1787 represented an economic and ideological victory for the traditional American political elite." Assess the valididty of this statement for the period 1781-1789.
 * In class actvity:**


 * Day 42 Monday:** "Prelude to War - Washington & Adams"
 * Homework: Read Prelude & Part I of the 1812 War CHOICES. (Adobe pages 4-11,** document pages are labeled p1-8)


 * In Class wks activity:** [[file:1796 Foreign Policy CFL wks.doc]]

Neutrality; Farewell Address Thomas Jefferson's Peaceful Coercion (Part 2) :

Unit Test
 * 2005 DBQ** - To what extent did the American Revolution fundamentally change American society? In your answer be sure to address th esocial, political, and economic effects of the Revolution in the period from 1775 to 1800.

Assignments to consider: Homework:** 2005 Form B Q3 - To what extent was the Constitution a Radical departure from the Articles of Confederation? Do whatever resaerch necessary, then provide yourself with 30 minutes to HAND write an essay. You may not use your materials.
 * "Historical Perspectives" - What type of Revolution was the American Revolution?
 * Homework due (everybody):** Amsco historical perspectives - radical or conservative, p87-88
 * Homework due (everybody):** Brinkley "Where historians disagree" p128-129

Madaras & SoRelle, Taking Sides; Clashing Views in United States History, Vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, 2008. ISBN: 978-0-07-352723-9 - Issue 6: Did the American Revolution Produce a Christian Nation? Nathan Hatch argues that by eroding traditional appeals to authority and expanding the number of people who believed they were competent to think for themselves about freedom, equality, and representation, the American Revolution led to an expansion of evangelical Christianity that reinforced the democratic impulses of the new society. Jon Butler insists that men and women seldom referred to America as a “Christian nation” between 1760 and 1790 and that even though Christianity was important, most Americans opposed a Christian national identity enforced by law or governmental action.
 * Homework due (small groups - create a 1-2 page study guide for your reading):**

Courvares, Saxton, Grob, Billias, //Interpretations of American History; Volume One//, Eighth Edition, Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. Chapter 5 – The American Revolution: Moderate or Radical? - T.H. Breen, Ideology //and Nationalism on the Eve of the American Revolution//, 1997. - Gary B. Nash, //The Unknown American Revolution//, 2005.

//Defining American War Aims//
 * The States United**
 * Olive Branch Petition**
 * **3 groups at the Second Continental Congress: Those who wanted a complete break from England (John Adams, Sam Adams, Richard Henry Lee), those who wanted modest political reforms (John Dickinson), and those somewhere in the middle**
 * **The Olive Branch Petition was the last appeal to the King**
 * **July 6 1775- Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms- The second declaration of the Second Continental Congress, this told England that the colonies had two options: submit to tyranny or resist by force**
 * **Views at the Continental Congress reflected the uncertain views of the public; many went to war for reforms, but saw the cost of the fighting and needed to justify it- the result, a fight for independence**
 * **England** **responded to the Olive Branch Petition by enacting the Prohibitory Act, which called for the British navy to blockade American ports, thus cutting off foreign trade**

//The Decision for Independence//
 * Common Sense**
 * Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in January 1776
 * Made many Americans believe that reconciliation with Britain was impossible
 * Fixed anger on England itself, as opposed to individuals
 * Sold more than 100,000 copies in just a few months
 * The Declaration of Independence**
 * Continental Congress opened ports to all nations but Great Britain, and entered communication with many foreign powers
 * July 2 1776-Declared colonies absolved from Britain
 * July 4 1776-Declaration of Independence- formally justified action of July 2
 * Thomas Jefferson did most of writing; assisted by Ben Franklin and John Adams
 * Said nothing new, but merely eloquently expressed widespread American views
 * Jefferson borrowed from many other declarations of independence written throughout the colonies by various groups
 * Two parts: 1st- John Locke’s theory of government; formed to protect rights, liberty, property. The second part listed the crimes of the King
 * Set the tone for “all men are created equal”
 * Claimed USA was a nation

//Responses to Independence//
 * Divided Americans**
 * Colonies began to call themselves states
 * Each state viewed itself as its own entity, and created its own government
 * Most states had written constitutions by 1781
 * National government ran into issues; states viewed as authority, Continental Congress only needed for coordination
 * Needed central direction to fight war, but did not have it
 * Articles of Confederation**
 * Articles of Confederation were adopted in November of 1777 (ratified 1781)
 * Confirmed decentralized system already in operation
 * Declared that government power over states would be very limited

WHERE HISTORIANS DISAGREE: **THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION** · Historians before twentieth century said Revolution was fought to preserve rights · Later historians argued that there was a social and economic cause · Some believe there was almost a civil war being fought between radicals and conservatives, which resulted in democratization · Many argue that the main cause was ideology

//Mobilizing for War// · Had relied on England for exporting goods · Managed to outfit army primarily with foreign aid, but also by capturing British weapons · Congress had no authority to levy taxes · Congress had to raise money through state governments · States were ill-equipped to collect money · Few Americans could afford bonds · Congress issued paper money · Inflation soared; some Americans opted to sell goods to the British · Impossible to end inflation; reliant on Foreign nations · Needed troops- paid bounties and drafted · Continental army created in Spring of 1775; combated decentralized state armies (led by George Washington) · Needed foreign aid in everything, even training troops (e.g. Marquis de Lafayette)
 * Financing the War**


 * General George Washington**
 * commander in chief of Continental army in 1775: was a “forty-three-year-old Virginia planter-aristocrat”
 * admired, respected, and trusted by nearly all Patriots
 * dealt with low soldier morale, mutiny, and attempts to replace him
 * with **foreign assistance** (France, Prussia, etc.) was able to build and maintain an army of about 10,000 men that ultimately prevailed over the greatest military power in the world
 * provided the army and the people with a symbol of stability

· fighting on their own ground and with own resources · American Patriots were deeply committed to the conflict · after 1777, America received substantial aid from abroad (esp. France)
 * The War for** **Independence**
 * American Advantages:**


 * The First Phase:** **New England** **:**
 * for first year of fighting (1775-1776), British remained uncertain about whether or not they were actually engaged in a war


 * Bunker Hill**
 * fought on **Breed’s Hill** on June 17, 1775 – Patriots suffered severe casualties and were driven from their position there
 * inflicted much greater losses on the British than the British inflicted on them – British suffered their heaviest casualties at Bunker Hill than in the rest of the entire war


 * Invasion of** **Canada**
 * Americans invaded Canada hoping to remove British threat and win Canadian support
 * American commander **Benedict Arnold** threatened **Quebec** in 1775 and 1776
 * **Richard Montgomery** combined forces with Arnold and took charge
 * Montgomery is killed in assault on Quebec – Arnold continued siege for some time but ultimately was unsuccessful
 * Congress sent civilian commission headed by 70-year-old Ben Franklin: also failed to win allegiance of Canadian colonists


 * The Second Phase: The Mid-Atlantic Region:**
 * lasted from 1776 until early 1778
 * British were in best position to win war
 * in the weeks following the Declaration of Independence, Britain sent the greatest military force they had ever sent abroad – 32,000 soldiers under **William Howe**
 * Howe offered Congress a choice between submission with royal pardon and a battle against overwhelming odds


 * British Take** **New York** **:**
 * Washington could only muster 19,000 poorly armed and trained soldiers and had no navy at all
 * British were able to push American defenders off of Long Island and forced them to retreat as far as Pennsylvania


 * Britain** **’s Strategy:**
 * Patriot Victory at** **Saratoga** **:**

-Britain did not win the war because they made many mistakes. They had great advantages over Americans. -William Howe had a huge role in the British failures. He left the northern campaign that he initiated, which resulted in Burgoyne fighting alone. He had several opportunities to launch a final attack upon the Continental Army in Philadelphia while they were weak, but refrained. Permitted Washington to regroup, retreat, and unharmed during a long winter at Valley Forge where they were weak and hungry. -Some assess that he had sympathy for the American cause and he was politically tied to the British government that opposed the war. -Others say that his personal weaknesses led to his faults. He had alcoholism and a romantic attachment to his mistress; he refused to leave for an entire winter during 1777-1778 in Philadelphia despite demands. Biggest problem was his failure to analyze nature of war that he was fighting.
 * British Blunders**

//The Iroquois and the British//

-Iroquois confederacy declared itself neutral in the war in 1776. Not all its members content with remaining passive. -Mohawk brother and sister jospen and Mary Bryant, wanted to expand Native American involvement. Joseph was a celebrated warrior and Mary was a magnetic woman and widow of Sir William Johnson. -Played important role in Burgoyne’s unsuccessful campaigns in north, attracted support of Seneca and Cayuga, and persuaded own tribe to contribute to British side. -Some Native Americans believed that a British victory would help stem white movement onto tribal lands. -Alliance showed division within the Iroquois Confederacy; 3/6 nations supported Brits. Oneida and Tuscarora with Americans and the Onondaga split into several factions. -Alliance caused some Indians to join British troops in series of raids in upstate NY. In retaliation, Patriots under General John Sullivan destroyed Indian settlements so badly that Iroquois fled north. Many never returned.

//Securing Aid from Abroad// -Failure to bring down Continental Army in the mid-Atlantic states as well as the defeat at Saratoga to Brits was a turning point in the war. -Key to American success was with direct and indirect help from abroad. Directly, America earned support from France. - Most potential ally was France. King Louis XVI (1774) and Count de Vergennes eager to see Britain lose. Sent supplies but did not recognize U.S. diplomatically. This is the main thing U.S. wanted. Became indispensable because of money and army.


 * Militia Diplomats**

- Beginning before the Declaration of Independence, Congress sent delegates to European capitals to negotiate commercial treaties. John Adams called this “militia diplomats”- early American representatives abroad. -Communication was slow-about one to three months for one message to be sent abroad- led to European nations interpreting instructions and make decisions freely. - Benjamin Franklin greatly helped American cause by becoming diplomat in France.


 * Pivotal French Aid**

-France’s intervention in the war made it an international conflict. In the next two years, the Netherlands, France, and Spain all declared war upon Great Britain which indirectly contributed to the American victory.

//The Final Phase: The South//

-The last phase of the military struggle was very different from the first two for several reasons. It was the first phase that the British were united behind the war following the defeat at Saratoga and intervention in France. Brits tried to enlist support from Loyalists in America. Strategy=undermine Revolution from within. -The final stages of the war occurred in the South because Great Britain believed that their greatest support was from there. -The final phase in the south occurred from 1778-1781. Brits attempted to neutralize territory that they traveled through and they fought in small to large battles. Failure. -Patriots outnumbered Tories in the South. Virginia wanted independence as much as Massachusetts, much to the dismay of the Brits. -Loyalists did not want to join the British cause in fear of the Patriot’s retaliation. -British asked southern slaves to leave owners in return for emancipation. Only 5% of slaves took the offer. -Many white southerners who did not at first side with the Patriots did because of this. -This phase of the conflict was “revolutionary” because of the new kind of combat, and effect of mobilizing and politicizing large groups of the population. Political involvement increased heavily because it reached entire nation; even isolated communities. Desire for independence rose.


 * Revolutionary Consequences of the Southern Campaign**

-Little fighting in the North during the last years of the war as a result of activity in South. -Sir Henry Clinton replaced William Howe in 1778 and moved army back to NY. Washington’s army watched Howe’s carefully. -Period of calm was shattered by General Benedict Arnold when he became an American traitor. -Switched to the British side because he thought the Americans’ cause was hopeless. Betrayed the Patriot stronghold at West Point on the Hudson River. The scheme was unraveled before it was completed and Arnold fled to British camp for the remainder of the war. -In contrast to the North, decisive fighting occurred in the final phase of war. British had success when they captured Savannah on December 29, 1778. Took part of Charleston on May 12, 1780. Some loyalists joined cause. -However, Patriot guerrillas harassed British. Fighters include Thomas Sumter, Andrew Pickens, and Frances Marion “Swamp Fox”


 * Nathanael Greene**

-Nathanael Greene, a blacksmith Quaker from RI, joined the southern army as general. Greene added to the British defeat under Lord Cornwallis. He divided army into small factions rather than one large showdown. -The most talented general besides Washington for the Americans. -Cornwallis describes the attack that Greene executed at Cowpens as “a very unexpected and severe blow” on January 17, 1781.

-After receiving reinforcements, Greene combined all of his forces and met British on grounds of his choosing- Guilford Court House, North Carolina. It occurred on March 15, 1781. Greene ended up withdrawing, but Cornwallis suffered so many causalities that he decided to abandon NC campaign. -Cornwallis was ordered to retreat to Yorktown, a peninsula between the York and James Rivers, where he would wait for ships to carry his troops to NY or Charleston following NC campaign. Clinton was concerned about safety of men if Cornwallis launched raids in Virginia as planned. He built fortifications in Yorktown. -George Washington, Count Jean Baptiste de Rochambeau (commander of French expeditionary force in America and Admiral Francois Joseph Paul de Grasse (commander of French fleet in American waters, set up a trap. -Washington and Rochambeau marched a French-American army from NY to join French forces under Lafayette in Virginia while Grasse sailed additional troops for Chesapeake Bay and the York River. Timed perfectly which caused Cornwallis to be trapped by land and sea. -Capitulated on October 17, 1781. Cornwallis sent a deputy (Cornwallis mysteriously ill) two days later to formally surrender the British Army of 7,000. -Fundamentally ended war, although British forces still had some territories that were captured during war.
 * Yorktown**

AMERICA IN THE WORLD: **You say you want to have a Revolu-tion---** -Enlightenment-coming of new social and political ideas brought about desire for new gov around the world -John Locke-popular sovereinty- political authority comes from the consent of the governed -religious toleration and freedom of though and expression, political and legal equality changes occurred - Philophers-- Voltaire (France) Locke (English), Rousseau (Swiss-French) - 1789- French Revolution from partliament on royals -1793-1794- Revolts against the Catholic church resulting in 40,000 deaths (weakened church's power in Europe) -1791- slave uprisings in Haiti -Spanish/Portugese creoles rebell against colonial officers until Napolean comes to power - First to gain independence- Mexico 1821 - Washington helped win independence for Brazil in 1822 and helped in other S. American countries -1830- Greeks win independence from Austria/Hungry -At end of revolution, minorities lost rights (ex; women, slaves) GO REVS! :)

//Winning the Peace// - Cornwall's defeat convinced British people to stop fighting - Lord Shelbourne met with Ben Franklin, Hohn Jay, and John Adams in France to discuss treaty -France would not sign treaty until Spain regained Gibraltar from British -Prelim treaty w/out France signed Nov 30, 1782 -Spain and France agreed to Treaty of Paris signed Sept 3, 1783 - Treaty granted independence and land from Canad- Florida and Atlantic- Mississippi
 * Treaty of Paris**

**War and Society**
//Loyalists and Minorities// - 1/5 of white pop were loyalists (office holders/merchants) - some feared that America would not offer sufficient protection against foreign countries - fear of social unstability -100,000 fled the country to England or Canada- some returned later - post revolutionary patriots harrassed loyalists -rich loyalists' land was aquired leaving land and political openings -Anglican tax disestablished and no longer recieved money from England - Failure to support war weakened prestige of political groups -Catholic church flourished due to positive US relations with France - Catholic church offered hierarchy in America

//The War and Slavery// African American Desire for Freedom -African AMericans had been freed during war by British -in 1770 blacks made up 60% of S. Carolina, in 1790, they only made up 40% - inherited ideas of reform and resulted in standing up to whites -reason why Carribean colonist (who had even more slaves) didn't join Revolution (didn't want to raise the slaves) -North- Revolution and Christian ideas helped to make anti-slavery sentiment

-South believed enslaving blacks was the best for white liberty - with blacks free-whites would have do black work - fight for freedom preservation of slavery
 * Tension between Liberty and Slavery**

//Native Americans and the Revolution// -Both the American Patriots and the British urged Native Americans to remain neutral in the revolutionary war. "Family quarrel" -Most tribes did not get involved. Others on the other hand i.e the Iroquois joined the British in battle for fear that the American Patriots would expand open their land which they already began to do. British attempted to limit their expansion unsuccessfully but non the less they tried therefore winning the support of the Indians. - Cherokees led by Dragging Canoe attacked white settlements and failed and forced to sign a treaty allowing. The Iroquois still waged war against the American Patriots In New York And Pennsylvania they destroyed farm land and crops that were important in aiding the Patriots. -The Indians did not gain anything from the war. Americans were ready to expand westward because they associated the restrictions for expansion with British rule and after the Indians repeatedly attack the Patriots Americans did not look too kindly on them.

- Because the Native Americans assisted the British some white Americans felt that the natives should be treated like conquered people. - others took a paternalistic view. They decided that the Natives were savages that had potential to be good people if they would conform to the expectations of white society. -Tribes began to separate even more from each other as a result of the war.They could not band together in order to create a front to resist the whites expanding on their land. -All attempts to stop them from expanding ended in the Natives losing and having to give up more land than anticipated.**
 * Taking Sides**
 * Growing Divisions among the Indians

//Women's Rights and Women's Roles// -When the men went to battle the women were left to do substance farming. They had to keep the businesses and farms working. -Some did very well others were inexperienced and there was also inflation and lack of physical laborers making it difficult to thrive. -Some were starving because their male counter parts did not have their own businesses or farms so they did not have anything to live off from. -Many woman held protests for inflation some rioted and looted for food. Others attacked British soldiers that they were forced to house.

-**Some of the women joined their husbands at their camps. Men or some of them objected to their presence considering them a distraction and regarded them as low class sluts. Possibly military groupies? -Turns out as a huge surprise the women proved to be useful. They were able to do there normal gender bias jobs! Such as cooking and doing laundry and nursing. -There were cases where women would disguise themselves as men to fight in the war others like Molly Pitcher provided water to the troops. Pitcher actually took part in battle when her husband fell and she took his place.
 * Women of the Army

-Since women proved to be essential to the American cause it would only make sense to give them rights. There was some debate on whether women should be involved in politics or hold political office. They decided they were not ready for that. Women did not complain they actually appeared to have the same views on the subject. The remained civilly dead and continued to run their house hold. The only woman that objected was Abigail Adams. -If anything the women gained more respect because of their involvement.
 * Calls for Women's Rights**

-Men still ruled the government. It was not threatened by the roles of women in war. Women were not considered to be equal but their ideas were valued more.
 * A Strengthened Patriarchal Structure**.

//The War Economy -America`s economic structure changed drastically. They no longer had access to british markets. They also did not have the protection of their navy. - America benifited from what it had learned battling the british. They knew how to avoid Brit ships and could easliy trade with Englands rivals.//

Americans began to produce the goods they could no longer obtain from England. They began to spin their own clothes which became fashionable. There was pressure for them to manufacture bullets and goods like that.
 * New Patterns of Trade**


 * __Creation of State and National Governments__**
 * Only two states, Connecticut and Rhode Island already had republican state governments
 * They deleted references to England and the king and kept their current governments
 * All states decided to write their constitutions down to avoid confusion
 * They all decided to limit the power of the executive branch
 * They decided to separate the executive and legislative branch and make sure the governor could not serve in the legislature
 * Georgia and Pennsylvania the legislature only had one house elected by the people
 * All other states had two houses, the “upper” and “lower”


 * By the late 1770s most state governments were instable
 * Massachusetts was the first state to revise their constitution
 * They waited until 1780 to ratify their new constitution
 * Instead of allowing state legislatures to write constitutions, they had a constitutional convention that created the constitution then would never meet again
 * They also strengthened the executive, not too much, but enough to make the government stable
 * Their governor was elected directly by the people and had a fixed salary and had a veto power


 * All the states wrote religious freedom into their constitution
 * 1786, Virginia enacted the Statute of Religious Liberty which called for the complete separation of church and state
 * slavery was an issue much harder to solve than religion
 * in New England and Pennsylvania slavery was abolished
 * all states but South Carolina and Georgia prohibited further importation of slaves
 * slavery survived in all the southern and border states
 * this was largely because of racism and because most whites did not think that blacks would be able to assimilate effectively into society
 * The Articles of Confederation were adopted in 1777 and provided a centralized government
 * The government was given the power to conduct wars and foreign relations and appropriate borrow and issue money
 * It still didn’t have the power to regulate trade, draft troops or tax people directly
 * There was no separate executive
 * All thirteen states had to approve any change
 * Many smaller states wanted the states that claimed western lands to give them up and this went into effect in 1781
 * The Articles of confederation lasted from 1781 until 1789
 * Other countries did not respect the confederation and they had a hard time getting Britain to keep their treaty
 * There were disputes over British forts in the Great Lakes region and reembursment of slave owners
 * In 1784, John adams was sent as the minister to London to sort out problems, but he was never sure if he represented 1 country or 13
 * In 1786 the confederation agreed to a treaty with spain defining the Florida border

//The Confederation and the Northwest// The most important accomplishment of the Articles of Confederation was that it resolved controvercies over western lands. Only a few thousand whites lived west of the Appalachian divide before the Revolution began and by 1790 the numbers had increased to 120,000. The Articles of Confederation found a way to include these new settlements into the political structure. By 1784, the Confederation controlled enough land to permit Congress to begin making policy for national domain. These policies included... The Ordinance of 1784 was based on a proposal by Thomas Jefferson and divided western territory into 10 self-governing districts. These districts could petition for statehood when its population equaled the population of the smallest existing state. In the Ordinance of 1785, a system for surveying and selling western lands was created. Territory north of the Ohio river was marked off into rectangular townships that were divided into 36 identical sections. Four sections were set aside in each township for the United States. The revenue from selling one of the four sections was used for funding public schooling. Pattern= The Grid.
 * The Ordinances of 1784 and 1785**
 * Northwest Ordinance of 1787** The Northwest Ordinance was passed in 1787 because of criticism over policies which were favorable to land speculators. Many ordinary settlers could not afford the price of the land. Congress sold a lot of the best land to to the Ohio and Scioto Companies before making it available to anyone else. The Northwest Ordinance abandoned the ten districts established in1784. It created a single Northwest Territory which could be divided into between 3 to 5 territories. It specified that a population had to be at least 60,000 for statehood, guaranteed freedom of religion, prohibited slavery + trail by jury.

THE AMERICAN ENVIRONMENT: **THE GRID** cadastral systems-methods of dividing up land into specific pieces of property that individuals can own or control. Spain and Europe= system which gave prominant society members large estates. Spanish and Dutch encouraged social heirachy. Great power was given to large land holders. two cadastral systems- New England Town System- a large tract of land was granted by charter to a small group of proprietors who then divided it up for the benefit of individual settlers. Original colonists were given house lots near the church or the meetinghouse but also recieved tracts of land elsewhere for agricultural purposes. South system- far more informal system of the two= "metes and bounds"- People wanting to buy land went to the county courthouse and purchased a claim to a certain amount of acres. They went whereever the chose and marked out the number of acres.

//Indians and the Western Lands// The land the Confederation was subdividing and offering to colonists was, in many cases, land claimed by native Americans. Congress tried to resolve this problem in 1784, 1785, and 1786.They attempted to persuaded Iroquis, Choctaw, Chicksaw, and Cherokee leaders to sign treaties that would hand over their land to the United States. The agreements were ineffective and in 1786, Iroquis repudiated a treaty they signed 2 years earlier (threatening to attack white settlers in the area).Other tribes had never really accepted treaties offered to them.

November 4,1791- the second of two battled which occured on what is now the western border of Ohio. Little Turtle, a famed Miami warrior, led a group of tribes in two battles where U.S. colonists were defeated. 630 whites died by Wabash River. It was the greatest victory Natives would ever achieve against whites. Little Turtle insisted that no treaty was possible unless it forbade colonists from territory west of the Ohio river. //Debts, Taxes, Daniel Shays and the// **Postwar Depression** Postwar Depression- (1784-1787) Congress's weakness- accumulated an outstanding war debt but had no way to pay it off. Sold war bonds that were due to be repaid, owed money to soldiers, and had substantial debts abroad. BUT not the power to tax. 
 * Battle of Fallen Timbers**