06IDs

=06 - The Constitution and the New Republic=

**Main Ideas:**

 * 1) The origins of and debates surrounding the US Constitution, and how they were resolved.
 * 2) The differing views of what the nation should become, and how these differences led to the rise of the Federalists, the Republicans, and America's "first party system."
 * 3) The ways in which the new United States tried to establish itself as a nation in the eyes of both foreign powers and its own people.
 * 4) The rise and fall of the Federalist Party and the background of the "Revolution of 1800."

**Handouts/Homework:**
AP Government - Foundations of our Constitution


 * DBQs:**

Evaluate the extent to which the Articles of Confederation were effective in solving the problems that confronted the new nation. (AP 2006-7 workshop materials sample question, p33)
 * FRQs:**

How closely did America adhere to George Washington's foreign policy principles in TWO of the periods listed below? - 1805 to 1825 - 1844 to 1865 - 1880 to 1900 (AP Achiever sample Q p455, advice p459)

06 Constitution MC Quiz - [] 06 Articles of Confederation to Constitution Critical Thinking Quiz - [] 06 Function of Government Critical Thinking Quiz - []
 * Quizzes:**

Madaras & SoRelle, Taking Sides; Clashing Views in United States History, Vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, 2008. ISBN: 978-0-07-352723-9 - Issue 7: Were the Founding Fathers Democratic Reformers? Political scientist John P. Roche asserts that the Founding Fathers were not only revolutionaries but also superb democratic politicians who created a constitution that supported the needs of the nation and at the same time was acceptable to the people. According to radical historian Howard Zinn, the Founding Fathers were an elite group of northern money interests and southern slaveholders who used Shays’ Rebellion in Massachusetts as a pretext to create a strong central government, which protected the property rights of the rich to the exclusion of slaves, Indians, and non-property-holding whites.
 * Further Reading:**

Courvares, Saxton, Grob, Billias, //Interpretations of American History; Volume One//, Eighth Edition, Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. Chapter 6 – The Constitution: Conflict or Consensus? - Gordon S. Wood, //The Creation of the// //American// //Republic//, 1776-1787, 1997. - Woody Holton, //Did Democracy Cause the Recession that Led to the Constitution?//, 2005.

Activity: Assume that you were a newspaper editor in early 1787. Write an editorial either favoring or opposing a new constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation. Give reasons for your views. If you are in favor of a new constitution, say what types of new provisions you would like to see in this document and why. Be prepared to stand on a soap box and deliver your editorial to the class.

[] - make sure to click & read the translation
 * "Origins of Constitutional Principals and Rights" Packet**

Make sure you read through the whole chapter. Don't cheat yourself!
Be ready for a quiz!

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Essential Questions:
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**Text Resources:**
Charles Beard - Economic Interpretation of the Constitution Loewen's //Lies My Teacher Told Me// - Chapter 1 - Handicapped by History: The Process of Hero-making

Handouts:
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Day 40/41 Block: Homework preparation: Choices Simluation - read and prepare for the Debate of 1789: [|1776 1788 CHOICES constitution.pdf] Sign up for your option of choice here: 1. Logan Placey 2. Shannon Kane 3. Erin 4. Colleen 5.Chris Lafond 6. Brent Bosley 7. 1. Ashley 2. Annie 3. Haley 4. Matt 5. 6. 7. 1.Ross Johnson 2. JT 3. Caitlyn Coburn 4. Sarah Daigle 5. Caitlin Sylvia 6.Josh Cain 7. Molly
 * Option 1:** Unite Around the Constitution (no more than 7 members in this group)
 * Option 2:** Clearly Define Individual Rights (no more than 7 members in this group)
 * Option 3:** Trust in the Common Citizen (no more than 7 members in this group)

Study your terms for a quiz.
 * Day 42 Friday:

Check back later for Monday's assignment.**

2006 Form B Q2: "The United States Constitution of 1787 represented an economic and ideological victory for the traditional American political elite." Assess the valididty of this statement for the period 1781-1789.
 * In class actvity:**

[|1812 War CHOICES.pdf]
 * Day 42 Monday:** "Prelude to War - Washington & Adams"
 * Homework: Read Prelude & Part I of the 1812 War CHOICES. (Adobe pages 4-11,** document pages are labeled p1-8)


 * In Class wks activity:** [[image:http://www.wikispaces.com/i/mime/32/application/msword.png width="32" height="32" link="http://knighttime.wikispaces.com/file/view/1796+Foreign+Policy+CFL+wks.doc"]] [|1796 Foreign Policy CFL wks.doc]

Day 43 Tuesday:

Day 43/44 Block: "A Midwife's Tale"

Day 45 Friday:

Day 46 Monday: HW due: 1-2 Page study guide - read and research Washington's Neutrality Proclamation and Farewell Address.

Day 47 Tuesday: HW due: 1-2 Page study guide - EITHER Adam's Undeclared War with France 1 Ross 2 Matt 3 Shannon 4 Erin! 5 6 7

The Alien & Sedition Acts - read, analyze (your) As, and research them (other's views) 1 Ashley 2 @Nni3 3 4 5 6 7

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions - read, analyze (your), and research them (other's views) 1 Janny 2 Caitlyn C 3 JT 4 Molly 5 Sarah 6 7

VETERANS DAY

Day 48 Thursday: Unit 2 Test - Part 1 is DBQ homework, due in class. Part 2 is the multiple choice section to do in class.


 * Homework due:** DBQ due AT THE BEGINNING OF CLASS- you may use whatever time you want to research/prep for the DBQ. But time yourself to 45 minutes (up to 55 if absolutely necessary) and **DO NOT use outside materials** during the essay writing process - only your documents provided.

2005 DBQ link: [] General FRQ page: []
 * 2005 DBQ** - To what extent did the American Revolution fundamentally change American society? In your answer be sure to address the social, political, and economic effects of the Revolution in the period from 1775 to 1800.


 * In class -** Chapters 4-6 Multiple Choice **TEST**.

Day 49 Friday: Begin Next Chapter: Thomas Jefferson's Peaceful Coercion (Part 2) : [|1812 War CHOICES.pdf] = = = =

__Framing a New Government__ //A Weak Central Government//

 * Confederation congress very unpopular
 * Left Philadelphia—too many unpaid veterans
 * Other capitals- Princeton, NJ, Annapolis, MD, and New York, NY (1785)
 * Delegates often absent from congress
 * 18 members from 8 states voted on Northwest Ordinances

//**__Advocates of Centralization__**// //**__A Divided Convention__**//
 * //Supporters of a Strong National Government//**
 * America’s wealthiest members supported strong national government that would deal with national issues, most importantly economic issues that effected them
 * Members of Society of the Cincinnati, a group of military officers formed in 1783 were denied the payment of pensions, desired stronger government, even if it were a military dictatorship
 * Newburgh Conspiracy- challenge against congress stopped by George Washington
 * Manufacturers wanted to get rid of state taxes and insert a uniform national tax, merchants/shippers want a uniform national commercial policy, speculators wanted government to take care of Native American threats, lenders wanted states to stop printing their own money, bringing down the value of their collection, property owners wanted protection from mobs.
 * //Alexander Hamilton//**
 * Was previously a military aide to Washington
 * Not connected to any state, born to a Scotsman in West Indies
 * Hamilton set up Annapolis Convention of 1786- meeting of 5 states who approved a proposal for all states to meet in Philadelphia to “render the constitution of the Federal government adequate to the exigencies of the union” (amend the Articles of Confederation”
 * Unions believed the conference would only succeed if George Washington took an interest.
 * Shay’s Rebellion in 1787- George Washington gained interest and believed that amendments were needed, “…I feel infinitely more than I can express for the disorders which have arisen…”
 * Conference gained credibility
 * //The Founding Fathers//**
 * 55 men attended Constitutional Convention—all states except Rhode Island
 * 1787 May through September in Philadelphia
 * mostly young men (average age 44), well educated
 * afraid of the “turbulence and follies” of democracy
 * still old enough to fear tyranny and to remember why the Revolution occurred
 * Washington led the conference
 * Closed to the public
 * Each state had one vote, decisions required a majority vote
 * James Madison of VA arrived prepared with a plan
 * //The Virginia Plan//**
 * Edmond Randolph suggested a completely new government with Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches—Approved, then the Virginia Plan was introduced.
 * Bicameral legislature- lower house: # based on a proportion of the states population, upper house: elected by the lower house with no set number of representatives per state- small states objected
 * New Jersey Plan- William Paterson: federal government, not national government
 * Kept one house with equal representation but expands its power- allowed to tax and regulate commerce
 * Supported largely by small state representatives
 * VA Plan Concessions- Upper house elected by state legislatures, all states represented at least by one delegate
 * //Small States versus Large States//**
 * Main issues remaining- slaves counted as citizens in population, equal representation in lower house?
 * Large slave states wanted both ways- persons for representation, property for taxation
 * Small states without slaves wanted it the other way
 * Slave citizenship or voting rights were not debated.

Compromise The Constitution of 1787 //Federalists and Antifederalists//
 * The Great Compromise**
 * James Madison**
 * The Question of Sovereignty**
 * Separation of Powers**
 * WHERE HISTORIANS DISAGREE: THE BACKGROUND OF THE CONSTITUTION**

>
 * The Federalist Papers:**
 * Widespread controversy over the drafting of a constitution, as convention in Philadelphia was only supposed to amend the Articles of Confederation
 * George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay were all “Federalists” because they supported the writing of the Constitution
 * Hamilton, Madison and Jay influenced public opinion through essays published in newspapers throughout the states
 * Those three men wrote their essays under the pseudonym “Publius”
 * The essays were compiled in a book; the Federalist Papers
 * The Antifederalists:**
 * **Name given by Federalists; implies only opposition**
 * **Felt Constitution would go against the principles for which the Revolution was fought**
 * **Feared that a strong central government would do away with states and become tyrannical**
 * **Feared that the document would favor the upper class**
 * **Complained that the Constitution did not have bill of rights**
 * Felt that no government could be trusted; rights had to be protected


 * Debating the Constitution:**
 * **Federalists feared disorder/anarchy (the will of the masses)**
 * **Antifederalists feared too much centralized power**
 * **Federalists liked having some obstacles between the people and direct power, while Antifederalists despised it**
 * **Much ratification occurred during the winter of 1787-88**
 * **Delaware** **was the first state to ratify, followed by New Jersey and Georgia**
 * **Larger states tended to ratify later due to more Antifederalists opposition in them**
 * **New Hampshire** **was the ninth state to ratify, doing so in June of 1788**
 * **Virginia** **and New York had not ratified, which was problematic due to their size and importance**
 * **Both ratified by end of June 1788**
 * **Pressure to ratify came from fear of loss of trade with states under the Constitution**
 * **RI entirely against Constitution, did not consider ratifying**

//Completing the Structure//


 * The Bill of Rights:**
 * Drafting a bill of rights was Congress’ most important task
 * Even staunchest Federalists saw need for bill of rights, in that it would limit some of their opposition
 * 10 Amendments ratified by end of 1791, known as the Bill of Rights
 * Guaranteed state powers and personal freedoms (basic rights)


 * The Cabinet:**
 * **Congress did not specify number of executive departments**
 * **State, Treasury, and War Departments, as well as attorney general and postmaster general were created by first Congress**
 * George Washington (inaugurated 4/30/1789; V.P. John Adams) appointed Alexander Hamilton to position of Secretary of the Treasury, Gen. Henry Knox Secretary of War, and Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State

Federalists and Republicans
Centralizers/Federalists (1st)- Alexander Hamilton Republicans (2nd)- James Madison and Thomas Jefferson //**Hamilton and the Federalists**// 12 years- government was firmly in the hold of the Federalists partly due to president Washington's support. Washington always supported a strong national government. His prestige was the Federalists' greatest asset. George also believed that as president, he should remain above political controvercies so he had no personal involvement with Congress's deliberations. Because of this the dominant figure was Hamilton, his secretary of treasury. - exerted more influence on domestic and foreign policy than anyone else during his term or office + equal extent after 1794 resignation. Hamilton was one of the most aristocratic in personal tastes and political philosophy for national leaders of the time. This is ironic because he was illegitimate child in the Caribbean. Hamilton believed that a stable and effective government required at enlightened ruling class. Hamilton proposed that the new government take responsibility for the existing public debt.Miscellaneous and uncertain certificates for debt were in the hands of wealthy speculators. The government should call them in and exchange them for uniform, interest-bearing bonds with dates that they would be paid by. He recommended that the federal government "assume" the debt accumulated by the states(Revolution). This policy encourages states and bond holders to look to the governmemt for payment. Hamilton was proposing a lareg, permanent national debt with new bonds being issued as the old were paid off. Hamilton= National Bank- provide loans and give currency to businesses and the government would have a safe place to deposit federal funds. It would help collect taxes and dispurse government expenditures. monopoly over government's own banking business- controled by directors (1/5th appointed by government). stable center for nation's small banking system. funding= assumption of debts= requirements of new revenue sources. - goverment would now have to pay interest on the loans it was accepting Hamilton proposed 2 new kinds of taxes: Excise tax- to be paid by distillers of alcoholic liquors ( whiskey distillers of Pennsylvania, Virginia & North Carolina) Other= tariff on imports which would raise the revenue and protect American manufacturing from foreign competition. "Report on Manufactures"- 1791- laid out a grand scheme for stimulating the growth of the industryof the U.S. and wrote of the advantages of that nation of a healthy manufacturing base.
 * Competing visions**
 * 1st:** belief that the country's mission was to become a nation-state with centralized authority, a complex commercial economy and a proud standing in world affairs. __Majority__
 * 2nd:** Envisioned a more modest central government. It believed American society should not be commercial or urban . It should be rural/ agrarian with powers that would be left in the hands of the people and states. __Minority but gained interest within the decade.__
 * Assuming the Debt**
 * Hamilton's Report on Manufacturing**

Enacting the Federalist Program
Few objected to Hamilton's proposal for funding the national debt but many opposed his proposal to accept the debt at face value. Old certificates had been issued to merchants and farmers during the Revolutionary War and many of these original holders had sold of their bondsdurin the 1780s ( hard times) to speculators. Members of congress believed that these bonds should be returned to their original owners of the government was to assume responsibility. James Madison proposed that the bonds should be divided between the original purchasers and the spectulators. Hamilton's allies insisted that the plan was not practical and that the government should pay the bondholders. Hamilton's funding bill went through. Hamilton's proposal that the federal government should assume state debts encountered difficulty because opponents argued that people of states with fewer debts would have to pay taxes to service the debts of larger states. Hamilton and his supporters struck a bargain....... capital had moved from NewYork to Philadelphia in 1790. Virginians wanted the capital further south and closer to them. Hamilton met with Jefferson for dinner and they agreed to provide northern support for placing the capital south in exchange for Virginian votes on the assumption bill. Construction of new capital city on the banks of the Potomac River- land selected by Washington. Hamilton argued that the creation of a national bank was compatible with the constitutions intent although it was not authorized by it. Madison, Jefferson, Randolf &others argued that Congress should not exercise powers unless the Constitution had assigned it. Both the House and Senate nevertheless agreed with the bill.The bank of the United States open in 1791 under a charter hich gave it the right to continue for 20 years. Excise tax- protests from farmers later reduced burden on distillers. Hamilton's program restored public credit and U.S. bonds were soon being sold.Speculators reaped large profits. Small farmers ( vast majority) were not pleased with Hamilton's program. They complained of having a disproportionate tax burdenproperty tax + distillerys & tariff ( indirect) Federalist program= for small, wealthy, elite.
 * Debating Hamilton's Program**
 * Location of the capital**
 * Bank of the United States**

//The Republican Opposition// · The Constitution made **no reference to political parties**. This is because the framers, along with George Washington, thought they were dangerous · Founders believed that disagreements should not lead to the formation of factions

· **Hamilton** and his followers formed an interesting and overbearing majority. · The program was **opposed** by leaders such as **James Madison**. · Federalists used their powers to award supporters and allies offices and government franchises. · Federalists encouraged formation of local associations to strengthen status in communities · Opponents believed Federalists were partaking in activities similar to British in 18th century.
 * Establishment of the Federalist Party**

· Opponents felt **forced** to **organize vigorous opposing group** in response to formation of Federalist party. · Became known as Republican party · Banded together to influence state and local elections. · Formed caucuses, committees, and societies in every state. Republicans communicated across state borders. · This factionalism is known as “**first party system”** · Prominent Republican figures: **Thomas Jefferson and James Madison**. · Both were extremely similar in their political views, but Jefferson became more well known. · He believed in an agrarian republic
 * Formation of the Republican Party**
 * note 1st Republican party not direct ancestor to modern Republicans

· The **differences** in the social philosophies of the two factions were visible in the **French Revolution**. · **Federalists were horrified** that radicals overthrew religion and executed the king and queen in France in 1790s. **Republicans applauded** democratic spirit Revolution possessed. · **Economic and Regional** differences existed between parties. · Federalists were more numerous in commercial centers of the Northeast and in southern seaports as Charleston. · Republicans most prominent in rural areas in the South and West. · Washington, after taking re-election in 1792 (second presidential election) Washington leaned towards Federalists and Hamilton.
 * Differences over the French Revolution**

· The Federalists dealt with the old Confederation and stabilized the nations western land which allowed them to consolidate their position and attract support for the new national government. //Securing the Frontier// · The Confederation Congress had failed to tie outlying western areas to a government. · Some settlers in Kentucky, Tenn, and VT thought about revolting. Whiskey Rebellion · Occurred in **1794** when framers in **western Penn** raised a major challenge to **federal authority when they refused to pay a whiskey tax**. · They terrorized tax collectors · Washington called out militias of three states, about **15,000**, and personally led the troops to Penn. · Collapsed as militia approached center of resistance, Pitt. · Fed. Gov won allegiance of whiskey rebellions by intimidating them · 1789 last state, NC, joined Union of 13 colonies by appending Constitution.
 * Establishing National Sovereignty**
 * note similar to colonists terrorizing collectors during Stamp Act.

//Native Americans and the New Nation//

· The new government faced challenges similar to those from Confederation; Indians’ challenges of tribal lands. · The Northwest Ordinances established terms of white settlement in borderline conflicts with tribes. · The U.S. **defeated practically every challenge** but the question arouse about **who was to control West- U.S. or Indian nations**. · Indians were barely mentioned in Constitution · **Article 1** excluded Indians from being counted in population totals that determines the # of seats House of Reps receive. · Constitution also gave congress power to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and with Indian tribes. · **Article VI** bound new government to respect treaties negotiated by Confederation. · These did little to clarify standings of Indians within the United States. · Constitution did recognize existence of tribes as legal entities but made it clear that they were not foreign nations nor citizens of U.S. · Received no direct representation in new government. · **Biggest issue: governing relations between whites and Indians not addressed**
 * Indians and the Constitution**

//Maintaining Neutrality//

· Britain sent **minister** to America for the **first time in 1791** but only following threats from Madison and the Republicans to set up trade restrictions on their ships. · American neutrality was threatened when the new French government went to war with Great Britain in 1793.

· **Edmond Genet (from France)** was **the first diplomatic representative** to arrive in America. He was the first challenge to American neutrality. · He purposely landed in Charleston and made plans to use war ships to serve as French privateers. · **Blatantly ignoring Washington’s policies and Neutrality Act.** · 2nd challenge was from Great Britain. · The Royal Navy seized hundreds of American ships engaged in trade with French West Indies.
 * Citizen Genet**

Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty
 * In 1793 Thomas Jefferson resigned as secretary of state to devote more time to other activities
 * His successor was Edmund Randolph who was very pro-French
 * Alexander Hamilton convinced Washington to name a special commissioner to England: John Jay
 * Jay was the chief justice of the United States Supreme Court and a fellow Federalist
 * Jay was sent to England to secure compensation for British assaults on American shipping, and to demand that the British remove their forces from the frontier and to negotiate a new commercial treaty
 * Jay negotiated a complex treaty in 1794 that failed to achieve these goals
 * The treaty was not a complete failure. It settled the conflict with Britain and prevented a war, it established undisputed American Sovereignty over the entire Northwest and produced a satisfactory commercial relationship with Britain
 * Many people back home, republican and federalist hated this treaty
 * Although many people attempted to defeat the treaty in the senate, it was ratified anyway
 * Jay’s treaty raised fears in Spain that the British and Americans would join together to challenge the Spanish possessions in America
 * Thomas Pinckney was sent to Spain to negotiate a deal and had no trouble getting everything the Americans wanted from Spain
 * Pinckney’s treaty was signed in 1795 and under it, Spain recognized the right of Americans to navigate the Mississippi to its mouth and deposit goods at New Orleans for the reloading of ships, they agreed that the northern border of Florida would be the 31st parallel and required the Spanish authorities to prevent Florida Indians from launching raids

The Downfall of the Federalists
 * Although the Federalists’ had many triumphs in the national government, this did not lead to their dominance but rather created problems
 * Most Americans in the 1790s agreed that there was no place for organized opposition in a stable government
 * The emergence of the Republicans (today’s Democrats) as contenders for the popularity with the people was seen as a threat to the national stability by Federalists
 * In the late 1790s, the Federalists moved forcefully against the opposition
 * Facing what they believed was a stark choice between respecting individual liberties and preserving stability, the Federalists chose stability
 * This resulted in political suicide
 * After 1796, the Federalists never won another election
 * Respect for the institutions of the federal government remained but the Federalist party gradually disappeared

The Election of 1796
 * George Washington retired from the Presidency in 1797 even though many people wanted him to run for a third term
 * In his “Farewell Address” he reacted harshly against the Republicans
 * He told the people to be wary of getting involved in foreign conflicts
 * Jefferson was the uncontested Republican candidate in 1796
 * The Federalists had a hard time finding a good candidate – Hamilton had too many enemies
 * John Adams was chosen because he was not directly connected to any unpopular Federalists
 * The Federalists themselves were very divided and this led to a split of the vote between John Adams and their candidate for the vice presidency, Thomas Pinckney.
 * The split vote led to John Adams becoming president and Thomas Jefferson becoming vice president
 * Adams was not the dominant figure in the Federalist party, that was still Hamilton
 * Adams was not very skilled as a politician
 * He had little talent at conciliating differences, soliciting support, or inspiring enthusiasm

The Quasi War with France $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ //Repression and Protest// //The "Revolution" of 1800//
 * Jay and Pinckney’s treaties improved relationships with Great Britain and Spain
 * Relations with France quickly deteriorated
 * French vessels captured American ships and sometimes would imprison the crews
 * When Thomas Pinckney’s brother Charles arrived in France the government would not receive him
 * Some of Adams advisors pushed for war, especially the secretary of state, Thomas Pickering
 * Hamilton recommended reconciliation and Adams agreed
 * Adams appointed a bi-partisan commission consisting of Charles Pinckney, John Marshal, and Elbridge Gerry to negotiate with France
 * When they arrived in France in 1797, three agents of the French foreign minister demanded a loan for France and a bribe for French officials before negotiations.
 * Pinckney angrily refused
 * When Adams heard of this, he asked Congress to prepare for war
 * Adams submitted a report of the incident to congress but replaced the agents names with X, Y, and Z
 * When it was published, there was public outcry at the affair and support for the Federalist handling of the issue
 * For the next two years, America was engaged in an undeclared war with France
 * Adams persuaded Congress to cut off all trade with France, to repudiate the treaties of 1778 and to authorize American vessels to capture armed French ships
 * In 1798 Congress created the department of the navy and appropriated money for new warships
 * The navy was very successful and captured many French ships
 * France chose to conciliate the United States before the conflict grew
 * Adams sent another commission to France in 1800 and Napoleon (leader of France) agreed to a treaty that canceled the old agreement of 1778 and established new commercial arrangements
 * This ended the “quasi” war
 * Alien and Sedition Acts**
 * Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions**
 * The Election of 1800**
 * The Judiciary Act of 1801**

Supplementary Documents to Review: The Newburgh Conspiracy: [] ID: Background: Annapolis Convention: [] ID: A conference between founding fathers where they published their views and gave them to Congress. Background: In 1786, Virginia invited the other states to a meeting at Annapolis.There, James Madison and eleven men from five other states met to discuss the future of our nation. Because there were so few, they decided to use the opportunity to express their views in a report to Congress and the state legislatures.One of the opinions expressed was the need for a stronger national government. They proposed a special congress to convene to strengthen the articles of Confederation. This was approved and the resulting congress wrote the constitution. Core concept:a stronger national government is needed DBQ excerpts: "Virtually everyone agreed that the question of trade regulation could not be divorced from larger political issues" "One delegate, apparently Abraham Clark of New Jersey, therefore suggested that the report recommend another meeting explicitly empowered to frame measures to strengthen the Articles." "But the central government remained little more than a loose wartime alliance of independent states, and Congress, under the Articles, experienced serious difficulty in restoring a war-torn economy, regulating foreign trade, and protecting and developing the frontier between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River."
 * DBQ excerpts:**

Virginia Plan: [] ID: The Virginia Plan was designed for properly porportioning representation based on population. The plan included ideas from Edmund Randolph and James Madison. It called for a government quite different from the one established in the Aricles of Confederation. Edmund Randolph felt that Virginia needed more representation ( about 10X as much as smallest state Delaware) in the bicameral Congress he proposed. Smaller states immediately opposed the Virginia Plan. Compromised by having upper house having equal representation in the states and the lower house having population be the basis for representation. Background: Edmund Randolph, first Attorney General of the United States, began the debate at the Convention to ratify the Articles of Confederation in Philadelphia on May 29, 1787. The Articles of Confederation were failing because the central government was too weak. DBQ excerpts: " Resolved that the articles of Confederation ought to be so corrected and enlarged as to accomplish the objects proposed by their institution; namely. "common defence, security of liberty and general welfare."

"Resold. that the members of the second branch of the National Legislature ought to be elected by those of the first, out of a proper number ofpersons nominated by the individual Legislature."

"Resd. that a National Executive be instituted; to be chosen by the National Legislature for the terms of yearsm to receive punctually at stated times, a fixed compensation for the services rendered."

..."that the jurisdiction of the inferior tribunals shall be to hear and determine in the first instance, and of the supreme tribunals to hear and determine in the dernier resort, all piracies and felonies on the high seas, captures from an enemy; cases in which foreigners or citizens of other States applying to such jurisdictions may be interested, or which respect the collection of the National revenue; impeachments of any National officers, and questions which may involve the national peace and harmony."

"Resd. that the Legislative Executive and Judiciary powers within this several states ought to be bound by oath to support the articles of the Union."

New Jersey Plan: [] ID:This plan maps out how the legislature should be handled and the powers it and the other branches should be given. The document is trying to avoid the possibility of one state becoming more powerful or have more representation than another. Background: The New Jersey plan was the small state reaction to the Virginia Plan. In the Virginia Plan, both the house and senate would feature proportional representation which meant that the more people a state has, the more representatives it has. Some of the smaller states would not receive representation because of this. Larger states clearly favored this plan. The Virginia Plan debate grew heated and the small states drew up their own plan. The New Jersey Plan was rejected. Branches: 3, legislative, executive, and judicial. Legislature: One house (unicameral). States are represented equally (all states had the same power). Powers:The national government could levy taxes, import duties and regulate trade. The laws created by states would be secondary to laws passed by the national legislature. DBQ excerpts: "none of the powers hereby vested in the U. States in Congs. shall be exercised without the consent of at least States, and in that proportion if the number of Confederated States should hereafter be increased or diminished." "9. Resd. that a Citizen of one State committing an offence in another State of the Union, shall be deemed guilty of the same offence as if it had been committed by a Citizen of the State in which the Offence was committed." - __wanted to prevent a state from getting a one up over another.__ "provided that none of the persons composing the federal Executive shall on any occasion take command of any troops, so as personally to conduct any enterprise as General, or in other capacity." "instead of the rule for making requisitions mentioned in the articles of Confederation, the United States in Congs. be authorized to make such requisitions in proportion to the whole number of white & other free citizens & inhabitants of every age sex and condition including those bound to servitude for a term of years & three fifths of all other persons not comprehended in the foregoing description, except Indians not paying taxes"

The Federalists Papers: [|http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/D/1776-1800/federalist/fedxx.htm] ID: The Federalist Papers were a series of essays published in New York newspapers beginning in 1787. Their primary role was to sway public opinion in favor of the writing of a constitution.

Background: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote a combined 85 essays under the joint pseudonym Publius. In those essays they address the driving forces that, in their opinions, made the writing of such a document necessary. The name “The Federalist Papers” was given when Alexander Hamilton compiled all of the essays into a book in 1788. Many public concerns were addressed through the essays, such as the need for the states to remain united, and the authority the government should have over the people. The writers also discuss political philosophy in general, and as such the documents have become one of the key U.S. contributions to global politics.

excerpts: “It has been frequently remarked that it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether societies of men are really capable or not of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend for their political constitutions on accident and force.” – Alexander Hamilton “Nothing is more certain than the indispensable necessity of government, and it is equally undeniable, that whenever and however it is instituted, the people must cede to it some of their natural rights in order to vest it with requisite powers.” -John Jay “It is a matter both of wonder and regret, that those who raise so many objections against the new Constitution should never call to mind the defects of that which is to be exchanged for it. It is not necessary that the former should be perfect; it is sufficient that the latter is more imperfect.” -James Madison

Report on Public credit: [] Background: DBQ excerpts:

Report on Manufacturers: []
 * ID:** This document is an address to Congress made by Alexander Hamilton, which outlines the goals of his detailed economic plan to ensure that the new nation endurred.
 * Backkground:** Address by Hamilton to Congress in December 1791. Key concerns included the addition of jobs to members of the community of different classes, the effect of emigrants from other countries,on the economy, broadening the range of professions available to create a more diverse society, and creating more resources to expand enterprises. In the first section of Hamilton's address, he expresses the importance industry has towards women and children, pointing out that without their work, which contributes to the profit of the husband, they would be idle and a burden on the community, noting that 4/7 of workers in England are women and children. In the second section of the address, he stresses the ability of the industry to make the country grow in population. He believes that people will not leave their old countries without the promise of a good life in America. He also believes that the coming of different people from Europe will help to diversify, and therefore broaden the US market for indurstialism, making way for progress unheard of in Europe. He gives an example in the third section by stating that merchants and farmers are better than just farmers, however, merchants, farmers, and artifecers make up a better nation than just farmers and merchants. Hamilton's ideas in this address are too promote industrialism by putting the "idle" to work, expanding the population, and expanding the countries diversity.
 * excerpts:**
 * "This is--the employment of persons who would otherwise be idle (and in many cases a burthen on the community), either from the byass of temper, habit, infirmity of body, or some other cause, indisposing, or disqualifying them for the toils of the Country. It is worthy of particular remark, that, in general, women and Children are rendered more useful and the latter more early useful by manufacturing establishments, than they would otherwise be."
 * "Men reluctantly quit one course of occupation and livelihood for another, unless invited to it by very apparent and proximate advantages..."
 * "The spirit of enterprise, useful and prolific as it is, must necessarily be contracted or expanded in proportion to the simplicity or variety of the occupations and productions, which are to be found in a Society. It must be less in a nation of mere cultivators, than in a nation of cultivators and merchants; less in a nation of cultivators and merchants, than in a nation of cultivators, artificers and merchants."