20LRI

=**SP-AM: Labor, Race, and Economic Investment Study Guide**=

Tampa's Splendid Little War:Local History and the Cuban War of Independence
Gary R. Mormino, Professor of History in the University of South Florida
 * HAY GUYS just remember to put your stuff in chronological order** -jan

Key Terms/Events with definitions
2) -Teddy Roosevelt and the rough riders: 7 days in Tampa characterized by protesting, shot up saloons, demolishing 7 days.

-**Race Riot:** 4000 black soldiers accompanied the army of invasion which concentrated around Tampa. Complaints about blacks in uniforms by whites of Tampa. -2 sides to this: 1. Marginal groups could legitimize their status and win social acceptance by military sacrifice. 2. Blacks challenged the white’s belief in white supremacy. Beginning of modern Tampan history
 * Results in the Tampa Riot after white soldiers use a young black boy as target practice. Blacks reacted and terrorized saloons in Tampa where they were refused service. Police Force put down the riot.
 * __Captain James McKay begins cattle trade w/ Cuba__: 1859
 * Highly profitable and successful
 * __Railroad connects Tampa to modern world__: 1884
 * **Henry Bradley Plant**
 * Robber baron who built Port Tampa and established Cuban steamboat routes
 * Built lavish hotels, including the Tampa Bay Hotel
 * Established rail line
 * **Vicente Martinez Ybor**
 * Attracted to Tampa by Plant's rail line, the good port and humid climate
 * Established cigar manufacturing center in Tampa
 * Founded Ybor City
 * **Ybor City**
 * Became center of production for cigars and part of Tampa
 * Thousands of Cubans/Spaniards immigrated in, creating a vibrant culture
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">City earned a reputation for revolutionary politics
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Solidarity among Cubans, Spaniards and Sicilians brought nativist fervor from Americans
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Cuba Libre movement**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Dominated the political debate in Ybor City
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Newspapers, schools, debate clubs, patriotic organizations (large immigrant presence)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Trade union activity ceased to focus support on Cuba
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">El Lector or "reader" system spread revolutionary ideas
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Intellectual movement rooted in cigar workers
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">__Jose Marti invited to speak at club__: 1891
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Known as the "Apostle of Cuban liberty"
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Managed to unify many disparate elements dealing with racial injustice, economic oppression and colonialism
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">__Cuban Revolutionary Party__: Organized in 1892
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Financed by cigar makers
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Made up of over forty patriotic Tampan groups
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">__Insurrection begins__: February 24th, 1895
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Incendiary orders smuggled through cigar into Cuba
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Spanish general Martinez Campos cursed Tampa as "the very heart of the American conspiracy"
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Women's Roles in Cuba Libre**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">__Paulina Pedroso__
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Her and others like her organized parades and raffles to raise money
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Some organized revolutionary clubs or became known for their oratory
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">__Sinking of the Maine__: 1898
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Once McKinley signed the Dec. of War, reactions were mixed
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Some Cubans were patriotic and enthusiastic
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Some feared they were trading one empire for another
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Merchants anticipated huge profits/publicity
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Tons of celebrity journalists/illustrators arrived in Tampa
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Military issued 128 press passes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Perceptions of Tampa/the American Imagination**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Many thought Tampa was a southern wasteland, just a desert of sand
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">A New York Tribune reporter said it "combined a certain Southern shiftlessness with the bustle and enterprise of a Western border town."
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Possible connection to Frederick Taylor's Frontier Thesis?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Journalists thought of Ybor City as an exotic, charming place
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Didn't care so highly for the actual immigrants though
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">__First volunteers arrived__: May 1898
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">On-site ministers decried the temptations soldiers were likely to befall
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">"The gamblers congregate from everywhere"
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Further similarities to Western-style boom town, economic expansion
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">So-called General Robert E. Lee Milkshakes and General Grant Ice Cream Sodas made with bad whiskey

3) -13th Amendment (1865) – abolished slavery -14th Amendment (1868) – clarified legal and political status of former slaves (citizens) -15th Amendment (1870) – “due process of law” and “equal protection of the laws” -Jim Crow laws – Effectively and legally undid all of these amendments through segregation - Legally upheld as constitutional by Supreme Court in Plessy v Ferguson - 1896 - Louisiana law: “equal but separate accommodations” for white and black railroad passengers -Homer Plessy, shoemaker, 1/8th black sat in white section
 * Found guilty in state courts, he appealed to Supreme Court
 * 7 to 1 majority he lost
 * Supreme Court affirms segregation of public institutions, allows schools, government and other public entities to treat blacks and whites differently

4) -**Booker T. Washington**: prominent educator, economic advancement through hard work and practical education. Blacks climb economic ladder and discrimination slowly wither. GRADUAL -**WEB DuBois**: actively combat racism. Young blacks pursue same career path as whites. Must INSIST CONTINUALLY. (^ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',helvetica,sans-serif;">Black leaders disagreed over fighting discrimination) - scientists associated social, physical, mental capabilities with race. Saw English and Germans as most intelligent and superior. - Based research on brain size and skull development - Individual successes such as George Washington Carver were rare exceptions. -**USS Maine**- US ship, stationed in Havana, exploded Feb 15, 1898. This accident was rumored by the yellow press to be caused by the Spanish. Caused many US opinions in support of start of Spanish-American War -**Battle of Kettle Hil**l- (San Juan Hill) Bloodiest & most famous battle of Span-Am War. Blacks praised for their bravery, played leading role breaking through Spanish defenses. Their large contribution in the Battle was overlooked by US Press in some ways. Rough Riders had great victory led by Theodore Roosevelt. US did suffer many casualties.
 * -What was “scientific racism”?**

Summary of Key Arguments:
1)

2)

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">-The change in Tampa: The town was crammed with visitors, soldiers, and the normal habitants of the town. The economy still relied on the manufacturing of cigars. Cuban exiles lived in Tampa which helped boost the interest in cigar factories. From 1899-1930 the cigar industry was booming, until it collapsed as a result of the great depression, as the decline of cigar smoking set in.
 * Unions formed in the factories and many Cubans left during a strike in 1899.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Tampan war-front represented, in some ways, the kind of frontier that Taylor claimed stimulated the American imagination
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Many newspapers observed a shiftlessness and excitement similar to that in Western towns
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Great economic expansion with coming of Americans/mixing with immigrant population
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Tampa and the Cuba Libre movement represented a unification of cultures and regions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The many disparate immigrant populations in Ybor all came together in social clubs and revolutionary organizations
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Northern generals and Southern generals from America shook hands together at the Tampa Bay Hotel
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Revolutionary efforts in Tampa were influenced largely by economic interests
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Cigar barons financed the creation of the Cuban Revolutionary Party
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Why would corporations support revolutionary politics unless they had an ulterior motive?
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Movements helped cease trade union activity and unify people in support of company/politics

3) - Segregation and oppression where also enforced through fear


 * An average of 120 black men were lynched each year between 1890 and 1900
 * Fraser Baker – murdered after being appointed to Postmaster in mostly black town
 * McKinley administration tried to pass bill to compensate his widow, it was not passed.
 * Progress:
 * Despite difficulties, blacks were able to make progress:
 * By 1890 over 30% of black children ages 5 to 19 were enrolled in school
 * Thirty years earlier, it had only been 1%
 * 40% of blacks over the age of nine could read and write (still only half that of whites)
 * Economic progress was made:
 * Segregation required that their be a black counterpart for every white profession
 * Doctors, Lawyers and teachers emerged
 * Small businessmen and craftsmen filled a niche in African-American communities

4) -After the Attack on the USS Maine, a wave of Patriotism swept the country and thousands answered the call to serve and fight in Cuba, including African-Americans -Some black leaders saw black participation in fighting as opportunity to raise black social status at home in US -4 all-black regiments in Army, some of first units to be mobilized in war; better suited to Cuban tropical climate and “immune of yellow fever” - racism towards new territories of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Phillipines. Americans did not expect much of them, no hope for stable democracies on their own -[US victorious over Spain in Span-Am War]
 * Scientific Racism paired with social Darwinism -> US destined to dominate the world*