01IDs

=01 The Meeting of Cultures=

**Main Ideas:**

 * 1) The colonization of the Americas represented a collision of European and Native American cultures that had been developing along completely different lines for thousands of years. **(See "First Americans Project")**
 * 2) A variety of ambitions and impulses moved individuals and nations to colonize the New World, including long-standing demographic and economic changes, religious tensions wrought by the Protestant Reformation, and international rivalries among the European powers. **(see quia quiz: Hush Amsco Exploration jeopardy!** []**)**
 * 3) The collision of cultures in North America yielded many biological and cultural exchanges that remade both the Old and New Worlds. **(see quia quiz: Hush Amsco Exploration jeopardy!** []**)**
 * 4) The varied motives of the colonizers and their experiences prior to immigrating worked to shape their attitudes toward Native American cultures and helped determine the sociopolitical arrangements in the new colonies. **(See "Colonizer Project")**
 * 5) Other than in New Mexico and what would become the American Southwest, North American native peoples were relatively unaffected by European colonization until the arrival of the English, French, and Dutch in the seventeenth century. **(See "First Americans Project" and "Colonizer Project")**

**Essential Questions:**
1. Why and when did inequality among humans emerge? With what consequences? 2. What happens when we interpret history, literature, and languages through lenses of gender, race, social class, family, community, or personal experience? 3. How do increasing globalization and accelerating technological change affect us? 4. From what sources do we derive our values and beliefs? 5. What have we gained, or lost, through progress? 6. How has regional geography and culture influenced the course of United States history?

**media type="youtube" key="pSj5yOK_mt4" height="364" width="445" Neil Young's masterpiece: Cortez the Killer [] Textbook Resources:**
Brinley Chapter 1 Patterson Chapter 1 AP Amsco Chapter 1 PBS video - Guns, Germs, & Steel, Episode 2 - Steel - the Great Conqueror Loewen's Lies My Teacher Told Me, Chapter 2 - 1493: The True Importance of Christopher Columbus History Lessons - Chapter 2: Columbus (from the perspective of Cuba & The Caribbean)

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- Pizarro (the Spanish) & Atahualpa (the Inca) **Homework:** AP Amsco notes - Chapter 1 **Handouts:** PBS video - Guns, Germs, & Steel, Episode 2 - Steel - the Great Conqueror Transcript: [] In-class/homework worksheet: =====
 * Homework Due:** AP Amsco Ch1 - notes
 * Further Reading:** History Lessons - Chapter 2: Columbus (from the perspective of Cuba & The Caribbean)
 * Question to consider:** "Geography was the primary factor in shaping the devleopment of the British colonies in North America." Assess the validity of this statement for the 1600s. (2005 Q2 Form B FRQ)

- Group work - comparisons. In-class studying. - Last 10 minutes - Quiz game competition!
 * Day 4: "Taking notes from the AP Amsco"**
 * Homework due:** AP Amsco notes - Chapter 2 - attempt 2 column Cornell notes with a 1 paragraph summary of the chapter at the end.


 * Day 5/6 (block): Chapter 1 project due: "First Americans vs. Colonizers"

Day 7: (Friday): finish presentations** Homework due: Online quizzes: Hush Amsco Exploration jeopardy! [] 02 HUSH Amsco Quia Quiz; Europeans and Africans - []

Madaras & SoRelle, Taking Sides; Clashing Views in United States History, Vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, 2008. ISBN: 978-0-07-352723-9 - Issue 2: Was Disease the Key Factor in the Depopulation of Native Americans in the Americas? Colin Calloway says that while Native Americans confronted numerous European diseases in the Americas, traditional Indian healing practices failed to offer much protection from the diseases. David Jones recognizes the disastrous impact of European diseases on Native Americans, but he insists that the depopulation was also a consequence of the forces of poverty, malnutrition, environmental stress, dislocation, and social disparity.
 * Further Reading:**

Courvares, Saxton, Grob, Billias, //Interpretations of American History; Volume One//, Eighth Edition, Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. ISBN: 978-0-312-42049-3. Chapter 3 - American Indians: New Worlds in the Atlantic World - Colin G. Calloway, //New Worlds for All//, 1997. - Claudio Saunt, //“Our Indians”: European Empires and the History of the Native American South//, 2007.

**Mandatory on-line quizzes:**
Rest assured that in my class you will receive the training necessary to excel in the written portions of the AP exam. The most difficult aspect of the AP exam is the multiple choice questions. The time you spend //**reading**//, will help prepare you for the written questions. The time you spend //**studying**//, will prepare you for the multiple choice questions. To aid you in studying for the multiple choice section, I have created a series of mutiple choice quizzes. You will be asked to log in. Then, you will be able to take the quiz as many times as you want. The highest score you achieved, at the time of my exporting scores, will be entered in PowerGrade. 01 Brinkley Primary Sources Quia Quiz:[] 02 Brinkley Historians Disagree (p6-7, 8-9 "pre-Columbian population", 22 "The Atlantic World") Quiz: [] 01 HUSH Amsco Quia Quiz: The First Americans - [] 02 HUSH Amsco Quia Quiz; Europeans and Africans - [] 03 HUSH Amsco Quia Quiz; Colonization of North America - []

Supplemental Quizzes: Early Discovery & Settlement - 4 Quizzes: []

02 HUSH Amsco Critical Thinking Quiz - []
 * Homework:** 01 HUSH Amsco Critical Thinking Quiz - []

Select three Native American groups - one from the Southwest, one from the Plains, and one from the Eastern woodlands. Explain how their different environments led to differences in their culture. Below are a list of some, but not all, of the tribes located in a particular region.
 * 1. "First Americans Project"- Culture, Geography, and Conquest Students will be asked to research Native American groups** -


 * Eastern Woodlands** - Mecmac, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Senaca, Tuscarora, Winnegabo, Cayuga, Iroquois, Ottawa **Southeast** - Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole, **Plains** - Comanche, Kiowa, Pawnee, Cheyenne, Sioux, Crow, Blackfoot **Southwest** - Pueblo, Anasazi, Navajo, Hopi, Pueblo, Apache **Great Basin** - Nez Perce, Shoshone, Ute **California** - Pomo, Modoc **Northwest Coast** - Chinook, Haida, Tlingit **Far North** - Cree, Inuit

- To call dibs on a tribe, enter your group list (first names) and chosen combination here: - To call dibs on a tribe, enter your group list (first names) and chosen combination here:

- Work in pairs/small groups to complete a project and presentation - Utilize your Brinkley text (p2-30) - Utilize your AP Amsco text (p1-13, p23-35) - Utilize Brinkley's chapter 1 online interactive map: [] - Utilize the Guns, Gems, and Steel video or transcrips for help with the concepts of **Culture, Geography, and Conquest** [] - Utilize the internet to uncover resoures, especially primary sources, about Native American groups at the time of exploration. - Make a group presentation to teach classmates about what they learned about the weaponry and impact of the weapons researched for their assigned time period.
 * Main idea #1:** The colonization of the Americas represented a collision of European and Native American cultures that had been developing along completely different lines for thousands of years.
 * Main idea #5:** Other than in New Mexico and what would become the American Southwest, North American native peoples were relatively unaffected by European colonization until the arrival of the English, French, and Dutch in the seventeenth century.
 * 1) Research the natural environment of the region where the group lived
 * 2) Research the group's way of life (society and culture - clothing, housing, food, transportation, languages, gender roles)
 * 3) What makes the region ("Eastern Woodlands")? Is it geographic features? Cultural features? Tribes who... ? Weaponry?
 * 4) Research the history of this group's interaction with the Europeans to 1763. How was it's way of life changed by contact with European explorers and settlers.
 * 5) Research how theis group lives now. If it no longer exists, explain why.
 * 6) Is geography destiny?

Note: The cultures may vary by their customs, the style of homes, gender roles, foods, etc. Identify these types of cultural characteristics, and then consider how the environment may have caused such a development.

Students will be asked to research and present European Colonizers** - The Spanish - The English - The French - The Dutch - The Swedes - Utilize your Brinkley text (p2-30) - Utilize your AP Amsco text (p1-13, skim 23-35 for relevant sections) - Utilize Brinkley's chapter 1 online interactive map: [] - Utilize the Guns, Gems, and Steel video or transcrips for help with the concepts of **Culture, Geography, and Conquest** [] - Utilize the internet to uncover resoures, especially primary sources
 * 2. "Colonizer Project"
 * Main idea #4:** The varied motives of the colonizers and their experiences prior to immigrating worked to shape their attitudes toward Native American cultures and helped determine the sociopolitical arrangements in the new colonies.
 * Main idea #5:** Other than in New Mexico and what would become the American Southwest, North American native peoples were relatively unaffected by European colonization until the arrival of the English, French, and Dutch in the seventeenth century.
 * 1) What are the **motives** behind your country's **colonization**?
 * 2) What are the **methods** of your country's **colonization**?
 * 3) What is the **location** of your country's **colonization**?
 * 4) **Push-pull factors**: What are the factors pushing your colonists to the New World?
 * 5) Push-pull factors: What are the factors pulling your colonists to the New World?
 * 6) What political, econoimc, social, and religious patterns did your country bring to its region of colonization?
 * 7) Create a 1-2 page study guide for your empire. Make a copy for everyone in the class. You may use the following wiki to help organize your information: http://knighttime.wikispaces.com/01EarlyColonialSettlement

Kyle Ward, History in the Making - An absorbing look at how American History Has Changed in the Telling Over the Last 200 Years, The New Press, 2006. ISBN: 987-1-59558-044-3 - Chapter 1: Native American Relations with the New Settlers - Chapter 2: The Vikings - Chapter 3: Columbus' Landing in the New World - Chapter 4: St. Augustine: America's First City
 * Further Reading:**

R.E.M.P.S. Religion Economic Military (turning points) Political Social

§ Aztecs in Central America developed a harsh religion that required human sacrifice, which led Europeans to consider the Aztecs “savages” despite the holy wars and witch burnings in the Christian world § Mayas, Incas, and Aztecs all built elaborate religious and ceremonial structures, including temples the size of the pyramids in Egypt § Most Native American religions were centered around the natural world on which the tribes depended § Native Americans worshipped many gods, whom they associated with crops, game, forests, rivers, and other elements of nature § Some tribes created elaborate, colored totems as part of their religious rituals, and most held large festivals on occasions such as harvests or major hunts § After the Black Death in Europe, strong monarchs emerged and ruled Europe instead of the distant pope and Holy Roman Emperor § Prince Henry the Navigator was one of the first European explorers, and rather than searching for a trade route to Asia, his goal was to establish a Christian Empire on the western coast of Africa § Christopher Columbus was a deeply religious man, and he believed he was fulfilling a divine mission by voyaging west § Columbus believed in biblical prophecies and wrote “God made me the messenger of the new heaven and the new earth, and he showed me the spot where to find it.” § Spanish conquistadores believed that “God saw fit to send the Indians smallpox,” which helped them to conquer the Aztecs in Mexico § The Catholic Church was a major force for colonization § In 1486, Pope Innocent VIII signed a treaty with Ferdinand and Isabella which acknowledged Spain’s claim to the Americas from Mexico south with the condition that Catholicism would be the only religion of the new territories § Spanish settlements in the New World were very religious and the most common type of settlement by the early seventeenth century was the mission, which was devoted to converting natives to Catholicism § Priests and friars soon accompanied all colonizing ventures, and Catholicism was spread throughout South and Central America, Mexico, and the South and Southwest of North America § St. Augustine, Florida was the first permanent European settlement in the present US, and after Spanish-Pueblo relations improved there over time, many Pueblos converted to Christianity § Despite the vast number of conversions to Catholicism, most native tribes continued to practice their own religious rituals, which the Spanish attempted to suppress in 1680 § In response to the Spanish priests’ efforts, a Native American leader named Pope led an uprising that killed hundreds of European settlers in Santa Fe, including twenty-one priests § The Spanish crushed the last revolt in 1696 and began baptizing Native American children at birth and enforcing observance of Catholic rituals § Native Christians created a hybrid of faiths by connecting Christianity to features of their old religions, and these new faiths were distinctively American § Most Africans brought to America through the slave trade were from west Africa and were either converts to Islam or had tribal beliefs in many gods whom they associated with the natural world and whose spirits they believed lived in trees, rocks, forests, and streams § Africans also worshipped their ancestors and carefully traced family lineage, and the oldest people were generally their priests and leaders § Motivation for English colonization in America was involved with the European and English Reformations, in which there was a split from Catholicism and several new Christian religions formed § The group of people in England determined to reform and “purify” the church became known as Puritans, who were persecuted by King James I at the beginning of the seventeenth century and thus began to look outside of England for places to settle § Many Puritans moved through Ireland, but the Irish people were devoted Catholics and the English viewed them and their way of life as “savage,” and so they moved on § French Jesuit missionaries were among the first to penetrate Native American societies, and they established important contacts between the two peoples
 * Religion**

=__Economic__= -One key to exploration and colonization of the America's was **Europe's interest in Gold and Silver** -New World was an escape from English and European economies -English were involved in many expensive European wars -Dramatic population increase from 1485-1603 (1 million people) -World demand for wool made England change fields and crops to pastures and sheep -In order to accomidate pastures, tenant farmers were kicked off of their land= fresh wave of poverty in England -English merchants merged together to form **trading companies** (i.e. Muscovy Co., Levant Co., East India Co.) -Required a treaty to trade with certain areas resulting in monopolies over certain regions of Europe -All Europe became interested in **Mercantalilism** which led to countries trying to export as much as they could and import nothing -Nations compete with one another to find new markets for exports as none in Europe wanted imports -1550's: wool and cloth economy in Europe collapsed -**Richard Hakluyt**- colonies will create new markets and make a place for surplus population. - Colonies would provide lumber, naval stores, silver, and gold which England would no longer need to import from rival nations. -French established a fur economy in mainlands of America. Relied heavily on natives and treaties. -In the time of King James America was divided between interested merchant groups from London and Portsmouth -**London**: South (VA, Jamestown) -**Plymouth**: North (MA, Plymouth)
 * __Mercantalilism__**- nation is principal actor in economy with goal of increasing nations total wealth.

=__Military__= · 1560`s-1570`s the English began to colonize in Ireland. The English viewed the natives as less than human and uncivilized and so they battled. · **Sir Humphrey Gilbert** served as a governor for one Irish district. He suppressed Irish rebellions. He was very callous he ordered Irish soldiers to be beheaded after they had been killed in battle as some military tactic used to impose fear. · 1608 The fur trade helped establish the French presence in North America with military centers in Quebec and Montreal. · The Alliance formed with **Algonquians and the French** brought conflict with **the Iroquois** and the French. · The Algonquians and the Iroquois long rivaled each other as a result of this the founder of Quebec Samuel de Champlain led a 1609 attack on a group Mohawks because the Algonquians wanted it. · 1588 the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England. · Spanish **King Philip II** united with Portugal and wished to discontinue English challenges to Spanish commercial dominance and bring England back to the catholic church. · Philip put together one of the biggest military fleets in the history of combat. · He intended to carry his troops across the English Channel and invade England. It failed miserably. · A less significant English fleet isolated the Armada and ended the Spanish command of the Atlantic. · This gave England an ego boost which allowed them to ultimately colonize the new world.

=__Political__= -Spanish settlements in Mexico and what is now theSouthwestern U.S. were first governed privately -Those looking to start settlements needed permission from Ferdinand and Isabella, though the Spanish government did not fund the settlements -The wealth generated for Spain in the Americas made it the most powerful nation in the world for a time -By 1600, the Spanish government played a large role in governing Spanish colonies, thus shifting the power away from private enterprises -The Spanish colonies were different from those of the British in that their inhabitants could not easily establish "political institutions independent of the crown." -Politically, the time when the Americas were populated was very hostile; European nations were driven by mercantilism -Each nation wanted to claim bits of America so that their rivals could not -Elizabeth I encouraged settlement through charter to Raleigh and Grenville -James I was less encouraging of colonization than than Elizabeth, but he did issue some charters -Spain and England competed for control of the Atlantic; English were dominant after Spanish Armada -French utilized close ties with the Huron and Algonquins to gain the upper had over the English, who outnumbered them -In allying with the Algonquins, the French led the British to an alliance with the Iroquis, an enemy of the Algonquins

=**__Social__**= South Civilizations:
 * America**

●Powerful Empire of 6 million. ●complex political system ●network of paved roads= tribes under 1 rule. ●No writing system Mayans of Central America= ● written language ●numerical system ●accurate calendar
 * Incas in Peru=**

●nomadic warrior tribe that went south ●harsh religion led to being called “savages” by Europe. Europe-despite holy wars & witch burnings ●Aztec Capital=100,000 pop in 1500
 * Aztecs=**

●hunting, gathering and fishing civilizations
 * North Civilizations**

What prompted the arrival of the English? ● America is seen as human settlement starting anew & possibility of perfect society without Europe’s flaws or inequities. ● Frequent, costly European wars & constant religious strife. Harsh economic transformation of countryside. ● Wool demands= crop fields turned into pastures. Land once worked by rent paying tenants=enclosed for sheep runs (taken away from farmers). ● Evicted tenants roam the countryside. Government passes laws – relieve worthy poor & halt enclosures & compel beggars to work- __Does not work__ ●Removing land from cultivation=limited ability to feed population- 1485-3 million people. 1603-4 million people ●__Merchant Class-__mercantilism principals- nation as a whole=actor of economy. ● Merchants oversea adventures thought to benefit whole- ship off surpluses= Help England. ● Colonial commerce was good because England was no longer dependent on foreign rivals for silver, gold, lumber & naval stores. ● Protestant Reformations- Martin Luther (Augustinian monk + ordained priest)- challenged basic principals and beliefs of Catholic Religion. ●challenged belief that salvation reached through loyalty and good work to the church. Did not believe God spoke to Pope or Clergy. Bible=authentic voice. Calvin=destination predetermined. ● Bloody Mary-catholic daughter of King Henry VIII (Henry disconnected ties from church- no son=wanted divorce). Ascended to the throne- persecuted those who were not Catholic. People flee to America. ●1558- Mary dies and Elizabeth becomes queen- no connection to Catholic Church + Spain. Still, people who do not completely believe Church of England leave. ●Similar to English in America. Unlike the French, they created isolated colonies- away from native people. Saw natives of Ireland as barbaric. Lived in ways that Europeans saw as crude. Spoke Gaelic. Catholic religion. Decapitation of victims= inhumane treatment to those who were not English. Wanted colonists to remain purely English. Plantation model.
 * English:**
 * Commercial Incentive:**
 * Religious Incentive**
 * English in Ireland (16th century)**

=**__FACTS__**= -From 500-1500 A.D. there was little incentive for Europeans and Middle Agers (?) to follow Leif Erickson and cross ocean. -In 1347 the Bubonic Plague began in Constantinople and killed a third of the population. It did not rebound until the 15th century. -Bartholomeu Dias rounded Africa in 1486. -In 1497 John Cabot sailed the northeastern coast of North America. Sponsored by King Henry VII -**Vasco da Gama** sailed around India from 1497-1498. -In 1498 Christopher Columbus struck mainland. He realized that he found a new continent -Pedro Cabral accidently found Brazil in 1500. -By 1500 about 50-75 million more Europeans lived in America compared to the nomadic people. -In 1513 a Spainard named Vasco de Balboa went across Isthmus of Panama. First European to glance at Pacific Ocean.\ -In 1516 Thomas More's Utopia was printed in Latin. It spoke of an Island which attracted Englanders to America -Protestant Reformation began in Germany in 1517. Martin Luther challenged the Roman Catholic Church's belief. -Martin Luther was excommunicated in 1520. -In 1518 Hernando Cortes of Spain led a small military to Mexico. They failed but launched smallpox epidemic. "Conquerer" -1519-1522 Ferdinand Magellan was the first to circumnavigate the globe. -The first European settlement was established at St. Augustine in 1565. -The English transformation began in 1529. -The first permanent settlement in America was in 1608 in Quebec. -Samuel de Champlain led an attack upon the Mohawks in 1609 in a fur trade dispute.

=__DBQ__= "Central to this drive [to colonize] was the emergence of a new concept of economic life known as mercantilism, which was gaining favor throughout Europe. Mercantilism rested on the assumption that the nation as a whole was the principal actor in the economy, not the individuals within it. The goal of economic activity should be to increas the nations total wealth... A nation's economic health depended, therefore, on extracting as much wealth as possible from foreign lands and exporting as little wealth as possible from home" (23). -describing the commercial incentive

"Croatoan." - word carved on a tree by the "Lost Colony" of Roanoke.

"At daybreak great multitudes of men came to the shore, all young and of fine shapes, and very handsome. Their hair was not curly but loose and coarse like horse-hair. All have foreheads much broader than any people I had hitherto seen. Their eyes are large and very beautiful. They are not black, but the color of the inhabitants of the Canaries." - Columbus' initial impression of the Arawaks, who inhabited most of the Caribbean, 10/13/1492 (Loewen, 60).

"Since the Admiral perceived that daily the people of the land were taking up arms, ridiculous weapons in reality... he hastened to proceed to the country and disperse and subdue, by force of arms, the people of the entire island... For this he chose 200 foot soldiers and 20 cavalry, with many crossbows and small cannon, lances, and swords, and a still more terrible weapon against the Indians, in addition to the horses: this was 20 hunting dogs, who were turned loose and immediately tore the Indians apart." - Bartolome de Las Casas, describing Columbus' attempt to put down the Arawaks resistance. Columbus set out to put down the Arawaks resistance on 3/24/1495 (Loewen, 61).

"Among them were many women who had infants at the breast. They, in order to better escape us, since they were afraid we would turn to catch them again, left their infants anywhere on the ground and started to flee like desperate people; and some fled so far that they were removed from our settlement of Isabela seven or eight days beyond mountains and across huge rivers; wherefore from now on scarcely any will be had." -Spanish eyewitness describing the 1495 great slave raid by the Spanish on Haiti

"In the name of the Holy Tirnity, we can send from here all the slaves and brazil-wood which could be sold... In Castile, Portugal, Aragon,... and the Canary Islands they need many slaves, and I do not thinkg they get enough from Guinea." -Columbus writing Ferdinand and Isabella in 1496

"Although they die now, they will not always die. The Negroes and Canary Islanders died at first." - Columbus writing about the Indian death rate, 1496

=__Loewen references__= Causes of European exploration 40-41 – marco polo & crusades 42 military advances 42 social technology 42 ideological desire for wealth and domination 43 European Christianity 43 Europe’s reaction to Columbus’ reports about Haiti

45-49 pre-Columbian explorers; Prince Henry the Navigator 47-48 table of pre-Columbian explorers

52 Vasco da Gama 52 Hernando De Soto 53 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas

1492 Columbus 34-46, 49, 53-74, 177, 250, 264, 282, 293-4, 302,

Pilgrims 53,