08IDs

=Chapter 08: Varieties of American Nationalism (in the "Era of Good Feelings") =

**Main Ideas**

 * 1) The effects of postwar expansion and continued economic growth in shaping the nation during the "era of good feelings."
 * 2) The rise of sectional controversy arising from slavery, and the early attempts by Henry Clay and others to prevent strife through the Missouri Compromise.
 * 3) The many prominent decisions of the Marshall Court during the Era of Good Feelings, and their role in promoting American nationalism, federal supremacy and Native American tribal sovereignty.
 * 4) The development of the "Monroe Doctrine" and its application in further fostering American nationalism.
 * 5) The end of the "era of good feelings" and the rise of America's "second party system."

**Text Resources:**
"On December 22, 1820, at Plymouth Rock, in commemoration of the bicentenary of the //Mayflower's// arrival, **Daniel Webster** addressed a large crowd on the subject of colonization. Since classical times, he argued, colonies had been the principal means for extending the reach of civilization. The Greeks and the Romans had opened northern Europe and Africa in this way; modern European nations had reached the Caribbean Sea and Asia with the same ambitions. The English settlement of North America, however, was "distinguished from other instances of colonization." Whereas the Greeks and the Romans used migration to increase their power and influence and contemporary Euroepan powers acquired new markes and resources in their distant colonies, the American Pilgrims sought only civil and religious liberty. Moreover, in America colonization continued unabated: "Two thousand miles westard from the rock where their fathers landed may now be found the sons of the Pilgrims"; before long, those "sons" would "be on the shores of the Pacific." Spellbound by the incredible success of the orginal colonizing enterprise in America, Webster could only remark that "the imagination hardly keeps up with the progress of population, improvement, and civilization." When this oration was published the following year, it captivated New Englanders and further cemented Webster's reputation as a seer of American achievement..." "Juxtaposing Indian and black removal enables us to reconsider the relationship between colonization and race. Historians have usually regarded African colonization as straightforwardly racist, the culmination of attempts to fix blacks as permanently inferior and unequal to whites. The same conclusions have been drawn about Indian removal. This essay suggests that colonization became popular in the early nineteenth century, not because it reinforced racial hierarchies or facilitated a mature racism among white Americans, but because it allowed proponents to argue for segregation without determining that nonwhites were permanently inferior. Instead, the proponents of Indian and African colonization imagined a glorious future in which nonwhites would emulate and perhaps transcend the example of the United States. The parallel histories of racial removal bear out one broad generalization: White Americans were extremely uncomfortable with nonwhites in their midst, and they struggled to square their consciences with the reality of a multiracial republic."
 * Nicholas Guyatt, ""The Outskirts of Our Happiness": Race and the Lure of Colonization in the Early Republic", JAH vol 95 no4, March 2009**

**Handouts/Homework**
Madaras & SoRelle, Taking Sides; Clashing Views in United States History, Vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, 2008. ISBN: 978-0-07-352723-9 - Issue 10: Was the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 Designed to Protect the Latin American Countries from European Intervention? According to Professor Dextor Perkins, President James Monroe issued his famous declaration of December 2, 1823 to protest Russian expansionism in the Pacific Northwest and to prevent European intervention in South America from restoring to Spain her former colonies. According to Professor Ernest R. May, domestic political considerations brought about the Monroe Doctrine when the major presidential candidates attempted to gain a political advantage over their rivals during the presidential campaign of 1824.
 * Further Reading:**

"Both nationalism and sectionalism increased during the Era of Good Feelings." Assess the validity of this statement using the following documents and your understanding of the timeperiod.** (For guidance in formulating a detailed, deep, and nuanced argument, consider the following: How did both of these beliefs develop concurrently, and did one become of greater importance in teh economics and politics of the period?) (AP Amsco p163)
 * DBQs:

In class: PBS video
 * Monday 11/30:** Slavery 1800-1830

Study the terms and concepts from the following quick study guide and be prepared for a multiple choice quiz in class.
 * Tuesday 12/1:** QUick Study Quiz

Homework due: The end of homespun wks - factors, ranked, thesis.
 * Monday 12/7:**

- after the war of 1812, there was mass chaos in shipping and banking - it exposed the inadequacy of the current transportation and financial systems - the serious political issues that needed to be addressed were to re-establish the Bank of the United States, protecting the new industries, and prviding a nationwide network of roads and waterways - after the expiration of the first Bank, many state banks had set up business - the massive amount of bank notes all depended on the reputation of the bank that issued them and many notes had different values - this made for confusion with the many different notes - to deal with the currency problem, Congress re-chartered the Bank of the United States in 1816 - the bank could not forbid state banks from issuing currency but it dominated them by size and power - it could compel them to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business - Congress also acted to help the fledgling American manufacturing - the first census of the textile industry in 1810, listen 269 cottoon and 24 wool mills - the embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 stimulated expansion - between 1807 and 1815 the number of cotton spindles went up from 8,000 to 130,000 - in 1813, Boston merchant Francis Cabot Lowell organized the Boston Manufacturing company and developed a power loom - he founded the first mill in America to carry on the processes of spinning and weaving under a single roof - after the war, British ships swarmed American ports and unloaded their goods at very low prices - the infant American industries cried out for help as they were not strong enough to compete with the foreign competition - in 1816 Congress passed a tariff law that limited the competition from abroad on many things including cotton cloth - this supported the nationalistic dream of creating an important American inustrial economy prevailed - the nation's most pressing need was the need for a better transportation system - without better transportation, manufacturers would not have access to the raw materials they needed and not be able to send their goods to the market - the debate within Congress was, should the federal government finance roads? - in 1803, revenue from selling land in Ohio to fund roads - in 1807 a national road was approved to run from the Potomac River to the Ohio River - This first highway was finished by 1818 ran as far west as Wheeling Virginia on the Ohio River - Pennsylvania also created its own roads - these first roads were highly travelled upon - even with high tolls, the trip was much cheaper with these noew roads and many people travelled west and manufacturers were able to move their goods
 * Postwar Issues**
 * Second Bank of the United States**
 * Growth of the Textile Industry**
 * A Protective Tariff**
 * Government-Funded Roads**

On rivers and Great Lakes, steam-powered shipping was rapidly increasing, and development of steamboat lines was underway as a result of advances made by Robert Fulton and others; by 1816, river steamers were traveling up and down Mississippi and Ohio Rivers – greatly increased economy of South and West by providing better access to markets at a reduced cost, and enables eastern manufacturers to send finished goods west more easily; other means of transportation in US remained insufficient and problematic, resulting in shortages of goods and difficulties for American troops Madison called Congress’s attention to establishing a more effective road and canal systems, suggesting that a Constitutional amendment would resolve congressional doubts that they had the authority to do so; Rep. John C. Calhoun introduced a bill to use funds owed by the Bank of US to the gov’t to finance internal improvements – Congress passed bill, but Madison vetoed it in his last day in office in 1817; he supported the purpose of the bill, but believed that Congress still needed a constitutional amendment to establish the authority to fund the improvements Government factors, or agents, supplied Native American tribes with goods at a cost – created as a result of the gov’t creating a chain of stockaded forts along Great Lakes and upper Mississippi to protect frontier; system worked to drive Canadian traders out of region and helped to create a situation of dependency that made it easier to control Native Americans
 * Steamboats**
 * Vetoing Internal Improvements**
 * Reasons for Westward Expansion**
 * Decline of Indian resistance after War of 1812
 * Population and economic pressures in the East (population nearly doubled 1800-1820 – 5.3 million to 9.6 million)
 * New agricultural resources
 * Spread of plantation system and slave labor in South
 * The Factor System**
 * Frontier Life**
 * Frontier settlers built lean-tos or cabins
 * Cut clearings out of the forest to plant crops of corn
 * Plagued by loneliness, poverty, dirt, and disease
 * Every member of family worked in the fields, and sometimes families would have no contact with anyone outside their family for weeks or months
 * Migrants journeyed west in groups, and some stayed together to form communities
 * Communities built schools, churches, stores, etc.
 * Labor shortages led neighbors to develop systems of mutual aid – raising barns, clearing land, harvesting crops, making quilts
 * Eventually, there was a thriving farm system based on family units and committed to cultivation of grain and raising of livestock

//__A Mobile Society__// - Settlers in west did not stay in one place for long, moved farther west as it opened up - Southern farmers moved west for more fertile soil to grow cotton (Alabama, Mississippi) //__Coton and the Expansion of Slavery__// - 1st- small farmers, 2nd plantation owners, other farmers mover further west - aristocracy in the west from new plantation owners - by civil war, no family lived in a settlement for more than 2 generations - 4 new western states: Indiana (1816), Mississippi (1817), Illinois (1818), Alabama (1819) __//Astor's American Fur Company//__ - Trade opens in south due to Mexican independence - Indians trading with Mexicans pushed further west - Mexican trade supressed by cheap American goods - Fur trade between US and Mexico - John Jacob Astor- Fur trading post in Oregon- sold to Britain during war (too close to Canada) - Post war "Astoria" posts in Great Lakes region and returned to Rockies - Fur trade began with purchase of NA pelts-->French and Anglo- AMericans trapped beavers //__The Mountain Men__// - Fur traders in Far West became permanent residents changing the society around them-- MOUNTAIN MEN - young, single men, had sexual relations with, and married NAs and Mexicans (lasted 15 years-- 3 kids) - NAs and Mexicans highly influenced by these people after working with them to accomplish difficult tasks //__The Fur Trade and the Market Economy__// - 1822- Rocky Mountain Fur COmpany (Andrew and William Ashley), traded supplies for skins - Mountain Men financially tied to Companies due to debt, recieved money for skins, although they preferred to work alone - most were peaceful with natives - Jedediah Smith led company into Mexican territory and entered into battle against Mojaves, later attacked in Oregon-- only 4/20 including Smith survived, killed in 1831 by the Comanches

Stephen Long's expedition - Adams-Onis Treaty

Boom and Bust - Confirming Implied Powers Panic of 1819 § The Panic of 1819 was a serious economic crisis under President James Monroe § Followed a period of high foreign demand for American farm goods § These rising prices stimulated a land boom § Fueled by speculative investments. § The availability of easy credit to settlers and speculators fueld the land boom § Series of failures by state banks caused the actual panic. The state banks blamed he panic on the national bank. § The country faced six years of depression //Boom and Bust// § Some Americans believed that the widespread distress of the Panic of 1819 served as a warning. The rapid growth and territorial expansion proved to destabilize the nation. § By 1820 nation fully committed to growth and expansion. Sectionalism and Nationalism § The differences between the North and South threatened the unity of the country § The Missouri Compromise temporarily solved their problems and averted sectional crisis The Missouri Compromise § Missouri applied for statehood in1819. Slavery already existed § In 1819 there were 11 free states and 11 slave states § If Missouri came into the union it would upset the balance. § Maine, which wanted to enter the union as a free state also applied for statehood which complicated things further. //Tallmadge Amendment// § James Tallmadge jr., a Representative from New York proposed an amendment to statehood bill to prohibit more slavery. Gradual emancipation would be the main goal of the Tallmadge Amendment § Provoked controversy for two years //Compromise// § The Senate agreed to combine the Maine and Missouri proposals into a single bill § Maine entered as a free state and Missouri as a slave state § Senator Jesse B. Thomas proposed an amendment prohibiting slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of the southern boundary of Missouri. § Speaker of the House Henry Clay pushed the Thomas Amendment and the Maine-Missouri bil. § A happy resolution that could have dangered union Marshall and the Court § John Marshall served as chief justice f the U.S. for about 35 years (1801-1835) § Molded the development of the Constitution and strengthened the judicial branch § Increased the power of the federal government at the expense of the states. § //Fletcher v. Peck// (1810)= arose out of a series of notorious frauds in Georgia. Marshall held that a land grant was a valid contract and cold be repealed despite corruption. //Dartmouth College v. Woodward// § Expanded the meaning of the contract clause. § Republicans tried to revise Dartmouth College’s charter to convert it to a state university. § College represented by Madison § Dartmouth College won. The Court stated that corporation charters were contracts and inviolable. § Decision placed important restrictions on the ability of state governments to control corporations § //Cohens v. Virginia//, Marshall explicitly affirmed the constitutionality of federal review of state court decisions. § States must submit to federal jurisdiction once they gave away part of sovereignty //Confirming Implied Powers// § Marshall confirmed the “implied powers” of congress by upheld constitutionally of the Bank of the United States. § Confirmed this in //McCulloch v. Maryland// (1819) § Case provided two questions: Could congress charter a bank? Could individual states ban it or tax it? § Daniel Webster argued for the Bank that the necessary and proper clause and power to tax involved power to destroy. § If states could tax Bank, they could tax it to death. § Marshall adopted Webster’s words in deciding for the Bank.


 * __Establishing Federal Primacy:__**
 * In cases such as //Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Cohens v. Virginia, McCulloch v. Maryland//, and //Gibbons v. Ogden//, the Marshall Court established the primacy of the federal government over state governments
 * Federal control of the economy allowed for easier economic growth
 * The federal government also protected businesses from state governments
 * The swing toward a stronger central government occurred with the goal of increasing nationalism, and in doing so creating a more unified nation


 * //__Johnson v. McIntosh (1823):__//**
 * A group of white settlers (Johnson) purchased land from the Pinakeshaw Indians, who later ceded the same land to the federal government, who gave it away through homesteads to other settlers (McIntosh)
 * Federal government had priority, because Marshall decided tribes had a basic right to their tribal lands, and only the federal government could buy or take land from them


 * //__Worcester__//** **//__v. Georgia (1831, 1832):__//**
 * Part of “Cherokee cases”
 * Georgia laws tried to regulate access by its citizens to Cherokee lands
 * Marshall overrode Georgia, claiming that only the federal government had such rights
 * This case helped to protect the rights of tribes against state governments by further establishing the role of tribes and the federal governments primacy in dealings with them


 * __Revolution in Latin America:__**
 * Following the War of 1812, much of the Spanish Empire in Latin America was in revolt
 * Successful revolutions would strengthen America’s trade relations with the region
 * 1815- U.S. claimed neutrality in revolutions, and in doing so acknowledged the existence of the revolting nations
 * U.S. sold supplies to rebels, thus supporting insurgencies
 * 1822- Monroe recognized Argentina (La Plata), Chile, Peru, Colombia, and Mexico as nations before any of the European powers

late 1820s- partisan divisions emerging once again. Republicans resemble early Federalists- objected to the federal government's expanding role in the economy. crucial difference- beginning of the century= opponents of centralization had often been opponents of economic growth. Now= controversy was how the nation would expand. Until 1820- Federalist party effectively ceased operations and James Monroe ran for reelection unopposed. - nominated by parties of the two caucuses in Congress. 1824- Republicans nominate William H. Crawford of Georgia( Secretary of states and a favorite for those in favor of extreme states rights.) John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State)- nominated by state legislatures and irregular mass meetings throughout the country. Understood himself to be a man of cold, forbidding manners and little popular appeal. Henry Clay ( speaker of the house)= another contender. - devoted personal following and coherent program ("American System")- creating great home market for factory and farm producers by raising the protective tariff, strengthening national bank and financing internal improvements. Andrew Jackson= 4th major candidate- had no significant political record - military hero, new member of State Senate and brief representative for Congress. Jackson= more popular and electoral votes than anyone but is not in the majority. Jackson= 99 electoral. Adams- 84. Crawford- 41. Clay-37. 12th amendment of the Constitution required the House of Representatives to choose among 3 candidates with the largest number of electoral votes. Crawford= seriously ill and not a plausible candidate. Clay- out of running but in a strong position to influence result. Jackson- dangerous political rival to Clay in west= Clay supporting Adams. Partly= Adams was a nationalist and most likely to support "American System". Adams wins with Clay's endorsement. Clay= secretary of state. Jacksonians infuriated. State Department= route to future presidency. Adams haunted for choice. Seemed like he was naming Clay a successor. Bitterness arising from the "corrupt bargain"-frustrated his policies. Adams proposes ambitiously nationalist program reminiscent of Clay's American System. Jacksonians block most of it. Adams loses contest with the state of Georgia which wanted to remove the remaining Creek and Cherokee Indians from the state to gain additional soil for cotton planters. 1791- U.S. government guaranteed land to Creeks. 1825- White Georgians extract new treaty from William McIntosh( long time advocate of Indian cooperation with the U.S.)Adams believes treaty had no legal force because it did not represent the tribe's wishes. Direct conflict between president and state. governor of Georgia defies president and Adams can't find a way to stop him damaging to the administration= its support for a new tariff on imported goods in 1828. Originated with the demands of Mass. and Rhode Island woolen manufacturers- complained the British were dumping textiles on the American market at low prices. Administrations had to accept duties on other items to win support from middle/western states. Anatagonized original New England supporters of the bill. benefits of protecting their manufactured goods from foreign competition now had to be balance with price of raw materials. Adams signs bill- South names it the "tariff of abominations. 1828 presidential election - new two party system emerges out of the Republicans. supporters of John Quincy Adams= National Republicans(nationalism of preceding years). followers of Andrew Jackson= Democratic Republicans(called for an assault on privilege and a widening opportunity). Adams attracted the support of Federalists. War of slamming each other. Jackson- wife dies as a result of claims that she had married him before divorce from her husband?. Adams-was guilty of gross waste and using public funds for gambling ( a chess set and billiard table). Jackson wins- 56% popular and elec majority of 178 out of 83. Adams wins New England states and mid Atlantic . "era of the common man".
 * New Political Divisions**
 * End of the Cancus System**
 * Election of 1824**
 * The Second President Adams**
 * Tariff of Abominations**
 * Jackson Triumphant**