04IDs

=04 The Empire In Transition= Loosening Ties, The Struggle for the Continent, New Imperialism, Stirrings of Revolt

Our Brinkley text has online multiple choice quizzes to test your reading comprehension. I strongly recommend that you start taking these. There are approximately 25 questions per chapter. This link might work for you: []

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 * Main Ideas:**=====
 * 1) The growing enmity between the British and French in North America, culminated in the Seven Years' War.
 * 2) The consequences of the Seven Years' War in driving further wedges between England and the people of the colonies.
 * 3) The policies taken by Parliament in the 1760's and 1770's that served to incite resistance and rebellion in British North America.
 * 4) The varied responses to English policies made by colonial leaders, and the growing cooperation among the thirteen colonies.
 * 5) The outbreak of military hostilities between England and the colonies in Lexington and Concord, and the start of America's War of Independence.

**Text Resources:**
Fred Anderson's //Crucible of War// - Chapter 1 (Iroquoia and Empire), Chapter 9 (The Albany Congress and Colonial Disunion), WIlliam Pitt, The Fruits of Victory and Seeds of Disintegration, Greenville, Sugar Act ,Currency Act, Postwar Conditions and the Context of Colonial Response, History Lessons - Ch 5 (French and Indian War: Britain, Caribbean, Canada), Ch 6 (Government in colonial Ameirca: Great Britain)

Loewen's //Lies My Teacher Told Me// - Chapter 4 - Red Eyes

**Handouts:**
- Part 9 (The Albany Congress and Colonial Disunion), WIlliam Pitt, The Fruits of Victory and Seeds of Disintegration, Greenville, Sugar Act ,Currency Act, Postwar Conditions and the Context of Colonial Response, History Lessons - Ch 5 (French and Indian War: Britain, Caribbean, Canada), Ch 6 (Government in colonial Ameirca: Great Britain)

Kyle Ward, History in the Making - An absorbing look at how American History Has Changed in the Telling Over the Last 200 Years, The New Press, 2006. ISBN: 987-1-59558-044-3 - Chapter 10: George Washington and Fort Duquesne
 * Further Reading:**

**Quizzes**
04 Road to Revolution: 1754-1775 Multiple Choice Quiz - [] 04 French & Indian War critical thinking quiz - []

= The French and Indian War (1754-1763) The Seven Years' War**
 * Day 26 (wed 8 period day): The Struggle for the Continent
 * Background:** In Fred Anderson's vivid and compelling narrative, the Seven Years' War takes on a new and profound significance. Far from being a mere backdrop to the American Revolution, the Seven Years' War eliminated French power north of the Caribbean, destroyed an American diplomatic system in which Native Americans had long played a balancing role, and hardened the attitudes of both the colonists and the British - forging the tensions that would lead to the disintegration of the British empire in North America. Coming to grips with the Seven Years' War was an event that decisively shaped American history, as well as the histories of Europe and the Atlantic world in general, may help us begin to understand the colonial period as something more than a quaint mezzotint prelude to our national history. For indeed, if viewed not from the perspective of Boston or Philadelphia, but from Montreal or Vincennes, St. Augustine or Havana, Paris or Madrid - or, for that matter, Calcutta or Berlin - the Seven Years' War was far more significant than the War of American Independence.
 * Additional background:** The Department of State "Diplomacy in Action": []
 * Homework Due:** Fred Anderson's //Crucible of War// - Chapter 1 (Iroquoia and Empire) [[file:04 1754 The Seven Years - Fred Anderson reading.doc]]

In class DBQ mapping activity**: [|2004 French and Indian war DBQ] "In what ways did the French and Indian War (1754-1763) alter the political, economic, and ideological relationship between Britain and its American colonies? Use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1740-1766 in constructing your response.
 * Day 27 (friday 8 period day) - "the Impact of the French and Indian War"

2007 Form B Q2: The French and Indian War (1754-1763) altered the relationship between Britain and its North American colonies. Assess this change with regard to TWO of the following in the period between 1763 and 1775.
 * Land acquisition
 * politics
 * economics
 * Homework due:** AP Amsco p60-71
 * Homework due:** AP Amsco p60-71

Homework due:** Brinkley Chapter 4 (p100-123)
 * Day 28 (Monday - 1/2 day) - "New Imperialism"
 * In class activity:** **-** [|**2002 Form B Q2**] **The Atlantic Trade (1650-1750)**

[|**2003 Form B Q2**] - backwater revolts HW
 * Day 29 (Tuesday) - "Backwater** Revolts" (111-119)


 * Day 30/31 Block: "Stirrings of Revolt"**

Stamp Act - ( I need to finish compiling this background from //Crucible of War)// Background: Vexed Victory: When the Iroquois shifted from a posture of neutrality to active support of the British in 1759, the tide surged against the French, who never won another battle, and who watched their Indian allies quit fighting tribe by tribe. The British failed to realize that the fruits of an imperial victory can carry the seeds of an empire's disintegration. During the war, thousands of men, women, and children lost their lives from causes directly or indirectly related to the war; thousands more lost their homes; tens of thousands of men bore arms; millions of punds nad scores of millions of livres (French) were spent to suppot them; Britain's empire, engorged by a prlonged feast on the colonial possessions of France, swelled to prodigious size. But victory in North America did not determine the outcome of the conflict as a whole. Two more long years of bloodshed would pass before the Euorpean powers would cease hostilities in the midst of financial collapse and military exhaustion. During those years the British ministers would largely ignore North America and its problems, leaving the colonists to deal as best they could with a prolonged and troubled transition from war to peace.

It was early in 1761, at the zenith of British military fortunes in America, that Amherst began to reduce the openhanded policies that had produced

The Cherokee War and its effects on Amherst's Indian policy


 * [|1762- Writ Of Assistance] ||
 * [|1764- Sugar Act] ||
 * [|1765- Stamp Act] ||
 * [|1765- Stamp Act Congress] ||
 * [|1765- Quartering Act] ||
 * [|1766- Declaratory Act] ||
 * [|1767- Townshend Act] ||
 * [|1768- Massachusetts Circular Letter] ||
 * [|1774- Administration Of Justice Act] ||
 * [|1774- Boston Port Act] ||
 * [|1774- Declaration Of Resolves] ||
 * [|1775- Declaration Of Causes] ||
 * [|1775- Lord North's Conciliatory Resolution] ||
 * [|1775- Report On Lord North's Conciliatory Resolution] ||
 * [|1775- New England Restraining Act] ||
 * [|1775- Paul Revere's Ride] ||
 * [|1775- Bunker Hill] ||
 * [|1776- Declaration Of Independance] ||
 * [|1777- Articles Of Confederation] ||
 * [|1777- Valley Forge] ||
 * [|1783- Treaty Of Paris] ||

"To what extent was the demand for no taxation without representation both the primary force motivating the American revolutionary movement and a symbol for democracy?" - (AP Amsco p74) Map the documents, come up with a core argument (thesis).
 * Day 32 Friday:** "No taxation without Representation"
 * Homework: DBQ practice test:**

**In class DBQ practice:** In what ways did colonial responses to changes in English policies contribute to a coherent ideology of protest against concentrated power before the American Revolution? Use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1754-1775 in constructing your response. (AP Achiever p37)

Tip: the documents can be organized into different types of protest. Pointing out that the population was divided, and only slowly moved toward the Patriot cause, will add substance to your analysis. You can use Whig ideology or John Locke's political philosophy to tie the various elements together to create an argument.

Create a 1-2 page study guide for these readings, including short summaries or short quotes from each document, and analysis tracing the evolution from claiming the rights of Englishmen to Independence. 1765 Albany Plan - our first political cartoon: [] 1765 Resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress: [] 1767-8 John Dickenson - letters from a farmer (letter 2) [] 1767-8 John Dickenson - letters from a farmer (letter 4) [] 1774-1776 Declaration of Resolves through Declaration of Independence reading
 * Day 33 Monday 10/19: "Rights of Englishmen" -**

FRQ: Defend England's change in policy toward the colonies after the conclusion of the French and Indian War (AP Achiever p36, 40) FRQ: Examine the relationship between Native Americans and European colonists over the course of the eighteenth century to the end of the French and Indian War. (AP Achiever, p36, 40).
 * DBQs/FRQs**

=Loosening Ties (100-101)= //A Tradition of Neglect// Growing power of Parliament 1. How did the relationship between king and Parliament change during the early 18c? What role did the prime minister play in this change? -King George I and II were German-born. As a result, they were not particularly familiar with the English way of doingh things. So, the **executive power essentially passed to Parliament** and the prime minister. The balance of power shifted in favor of Pasrliament Decentralized Colonial Administration 2. Why was the period of the late 17c and early 18c called the "Era of Salutary Neglect?" -The Crown had increased landholdings in North America in the Eighteenth Century, but interest in the colonies declined. Parliament, too let the colonies function primarily on their own, provided they they did not forfeit their allegience to England. Much of the neglect was caused byu the lack of English officials in the colonies. They did not know the conditions there, and were largely ignorant to the colonial way of life. The only contact they had was in the form of ambassadors lobbying for the colonies. 3. How did British officials in the colonies carry out [or fail to carry out] their duties? What was the effect of their activities? -They largely succumbed to bribes, as it was difficult to get caught, and it was easy money. Furthermore, they frequently ignored the Navigation Acts, allowing colonial merchants to establish trade with other nations than England. This led to a reduced dependence on the Crown.

Powerful Colonial Legislatures //The Colonies Divided// Albany Plan 4. What was the Albany Plan of Union? Why did it fail? What did it reveal about colonial unity?

=The Struggle for the Continent (101-105)= An uneasy balance of power-Vaccaro -there were three main power groups in North America, the British, the French and the Native Americans, specifically the Iroquois

//New France// //and the Iroquois Nation-Vaccaro// -by the 1750s both English and French settlements were expanding and religious and commercial tensions began to produce new frictions and conflicts -France begain to devoted new attention to the development of its North American territories and French settlement expanded -by mid-seventeenth century, the French Empire comprised a vast territory. -Louis Joliet and Father Jacques Marquette journeyed together in the 1670s going from Green Bay on Lake Michigan all the way to the junction of the Arkansas and Mississippi rivers -Rene Robert Cavelier begain explorations in 1682 that led him into the delta of the Mississippi and he named the territory Louisiana Pierre Gaultier de Varennes pused westward in 1743 from Lake Superior to within sight of the rockies -France laid claim to the entire continental interior -to secure their hold, they founded a string of widely separated communites, fortresses, missions, and trading posts throughout their empire -Fort Louisberg on Cape Breton Island guarded the approach to the Gulf of St. Lawrence -on a fortified bluff above the St. Lawrence stood Quebec, the citidel of the French Empire -to the south was Montreal and the to the west was Sault Sainte Marie and Detroit -New Orleans was founded in 1718 to service the French plantation economy -both the English and the French knew that the most powerful nation in North America would be the one that could best befriend the Native American population -the English had more advanced economy and could offer the Indians better and more goods the French offered tolerance and assimilated themselves into the society instead of treating it as inferior

The Iroquois Confederacy-Vaccaro -the Iroquois confederacy was the most powerful indian group in the Americas at the time -The five indian nations, the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga and Onieda made up the Iroquois -the Iroquois played the British and the French against each other and managed to keep most of the power in the Great Lakes region as a result -the main area of conflict during this timw as the Ohio River Valley

//Anglo-French Conflicts- MITCHELL//
 * English, French, and Indian relations were ok until the Glorious Revolution of England
 * Louis XIV’s enemy, William came to power in England (chief magistrate of Netherlands, opposed French expansion)
 * Queen Anne continued conflict v. France and Spain for 80 years
 * King William’s War- indecisive battles in New England (1689-1697)
 * Queen Anne’s War (1701-1713) boarder conflicts in south with Spain and North with French and Indians over Nova Scotia and Acadia
 * Britain and Georgia v. Spain and Florida
 * War in Europe- England supported Austria and Holland, French wanted to conquer Netherlands
 * American’s (King George’s War) involved. Tried to take Louisburg- gave it back after treaty of Utrecht
 * Iroquois began trading w/ English
 * French worried British were expanding
 * 1754- VA sent force to Ohio River area to prevent French expansion
 * Washington built Fort Necessity near French post Fort Duquesne- Virginians tried to attack
 * French trapped G. Washington and men in the fort. 1/3 died and Washington surrendered
 * This was the beginning of the French and Indian War as well as America’s involvement in the 7 year war in Europe.

//The Great War for the Empire// 6. What were the causes of the "Great War for Empire" [the Sevens Years' War or French and Indian War]? Why was it given that name? 7. How did the Great War for Empire become a truly international conflict? What role did the French and British colonies play in this war? What were the stereotypes that the English had about the American colonists? What were the stereotypes that the American colonists had about the British? 8. What role did Native Americans play in the French and Indian War? 9. Why did the French lose? Braddock Defeated William Pitt Takes Charge Siege of Quebec Peace of Paris 10. List the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1763. Consequences of the Seven Years’ War

=New Imperialism (105-111)= //Burdens of Empire// Commercial versus Territorial Imperialists 11. What arguments were raised for and against the post-1763 "territorial imperialism?" How did this new policy alter British attitudes toward the colonies?

Britain’s Staggering War Debt 12. What initial policy changed occurred when George III ascended the throne? What were the king's motives for these changes? George III’s Shortcomings

11) During the French and Indian War the colonists became unwilling to comply with increased British power. In 1758 William Pitt had to loosen up his policies because of the noncompliance from the settlers. Colonies refused to be taxed to help the war effort; they were also disinclined to tax themselves. With the treaty of 1763 Britain was finally at peace. Now they fixated on governing the colonies more aggressively by populating more of the American territory. Many were opposed to this idea. Some claimed that a rapid flow of Europeans to western America would cause conflict among the Indians and become more difficult to govern. Others like Benjamin Franklin thought that the colonies needed that territory to support their seemingly endless growth.

12)King George III in 1760 removed the Whigs from power. He then created his own union of his own support and bribes and gained control over Parliament. He did this because his determination and ambition. King George III in his right mind was in his early twenties and immature. His ambition seemed to get the better or him and he was also impulsive. He also suffered from a mental illness that resulted in bouts of insanity.

13. Why was King George II the wrong monarch at the wrong time for England in regard to its North American colonial empire? 14. How did Prime Minister George Grenville change British policy toward her colonies in North America? //The British and the Tribes// Proclamation of 1763 White Encroachment //The Colonial Response// Sugar, Currency, and Stamp Acts Paxton Boys Regulator Movement Postwar Depression Political Consequences of the Grenville Program 15. What was it about post-1763 British policy that would cause colonists in every section to see the disadvantages rather than the advantages of being part of the British Empire?

After 1763, the new policies of Britain began to cause common grievances throughout the colonists.Americans felt that all Americans suffered because of the Greenville Program. Disadvantages of being part of British Empire -Northern merchants were restrained bycommerce becasue opportunities for manufactoring. Taxing also caused a burden on merchants -Southern planters feared paying taxes to English merchants who planters were indebted to. Ministers, lawyers, professors, and other professionals depended on merchants. -Workers in towns opposed restraints on manufacturing and small farmers opposed the increase in taxes.

Anxiety rose throughout the colonies because Britain pumped money into the colonies for the war than extracted it after peace was resolved. Britain precipitated economic bust. Urban Americans more worried about economic slump

Colonists wanted self-government. Brtish government challenged basis of colonial power by raising extensive revenues and public salaries for royal officers.

=**Part 2:**=

Stirrings of Revolt (111-119)
//The Stamp Act Crisis// -Prime Minister Grenvilled unified the colonies against England with the Stamp Act of 1765. -Everyone in the colonies needed stamps for everyday life so it affected everyone -actual affects of stamp act were not very harsh -colonists reactions were out of principal, they feared that if England could tax them on this, they could impose other, more demanding taxes -they saw Stamp act as a direct attempt by England to raise revenue in the colonies without the consent of the colonies -most colonists were all talk until a group of men from the Virginia House of Burgesses took action -Patrick Henry was one of the discontented men and he made a fiery speech on the evils of the Stamp Act. -Henry introduced resolutions that declared that Americans had the same rights as Englishmen, including no taxation without representation -These resolutions did not pass but they were circulated among the colonies -in October of 1765 delegates from nine colonies met in New York met in the Stamp Act Congress -this congress decided to petition both the king and parliament-no taxation without representation -Summer of 1765 saw many riots and colonists taking matters into their own hands

Sons of Liberty -a group of Boston men that antagonized British authority -during the summer of 1765, the Sons of liberty became very active, terrorizing stamp agents and burning stamps -the stamp agents resigned and the selling of stamps in the colonies pretty much stopped -they also terrorized members of nobility who supported Britain such as Thomas Hutchinson who had his house burned to the ground

Parliament Retreats -in july 1765 the king was convinced by the new prime minister to kill the stamp act -on march 18, 1766 parliament repealed the hated stamp act -in order to silence critics parliament passed law saying that they had final and complete authority over colonies -most colonials were so happy about the repealed stamp act that they didn’t notice

//The Townshend Program// //-many Englishmen did not like the policy of appeasement as they thought that if the colonies could not be taxed then it would lead to increased taxes on them// //-William Pitt was put in charge of the government by the king// //-Pitt, now lord Chatham, was very incompetent and old so most of the actual leading was done by Charles Townshend//

Mutiny Act -Townshend set about fixing colonial problems, the biggest of which was the Mutiny acy of 1765 which forced colonists to provide quarters and supplies for British troops -the colonists did not mind the actual giving, they had been doing so on their own, they did not like being TOLD to do so -the Massachusetts Assembly refused to vote the mandated supplies to the troops -The New York assembly did the same thing-this posed a serious challenge as the army headquarters was in NYC

Internal and External Taxes -to enforce the law and raise money, Townshend passed two measures in 1767 -the first disbanded the New York assembly until the colonists agreed to obey -New York was singled out to avoid angering all the colonies at once -the second thing was to put taxes (called Townshend Duties) on goods that were imported from England such as lead, paper, paint, and tea -Townshend thought these taxes would be ok because they were external-they taxed things that came from outside America -colonists hated these as much as stamp act-they still thought it was taxation without representation -Massachusetts took the lead in opposing the new measures by circulation a letter to all the colonial governments urging them to stand up against every tax, external or internal that was imposed by Parliament -Lord Hillsborough (secretary of state for the colonies in England) wrote a letter saying any assembly which endorsed the Mass. Letter would be dissolved -Mass defiantly reaffirmed its support and the rest of the colonies rallied behind mass -Townshend tried to strengthen enforcement of commercial regulations in the colonies by establishing a new board of customs commissioners in America

Colonial Boycotts -Boston merchants did not like the new enforcement of the Navigation acts -they organized a boycott against British goods that were taxed under the Townshend duties -Philadelphia and New York quickly followed suit in 1768 and later some southerners joined as well -late in 1767 Charles Townshend died and Lord North took over -North secured the repeal of all Townshend duties except tea in March 1770 in an attempt to smooth things over 1. Why did the Stamp Act so antagonize the American colonists? 2. How did actions by the Stamp Act crowd raise questions of whether protests in the colonies represented more than opposition to British policies? 3. What was England's response to the American protests over the Stamp Act. Explain how the policies of Charles Townshend and of Lord North differed.
 * 1) the Stamp Act antagonized Americans because they saw it as taxation without representation. It was the principle of the thing, not the actual monetary value
 * 1) the protestors seemed to target symbols of affluence as well as symbols of authority and this suggests that resentment of disparities of wealth played at least some role in fueling anger
 * 1) Under Townshend, the stamp act was repealed. Townshend later imposed new taxes on the Americans
 * 2) Lord North, in attempt to save face, repealed the Townshend Duties except for tea. Lord North hoped this would divide the colonies


 * //The// //Boston// //Massacre//** was a murky incident that was a result of the panic and confusion caused by the appearance of British soldiers. The colonist's harassment of new custom commissioners had grown so intense that four regiments of troops were placed inside the city. On March 5, 1770 a crowd of dock workers began throwing rocks and snowballs at sentries at the customs house. This occurred a few days after a nasty fight between workers (colonists) at a ship-rigging factory and British soldiers who were attempting to find a job there. Captain Thomas Preston( British regiment) lined up soldiers to protect the building A soldier was knocked down and several British soldiers fired into the crowd, killing Crispus Attucks among others. The incident was transformed into a graphic symbol of British oppression by local resistance leaders.

//**Competition for Scarce Employment-**// There were clashes between local workers and underpaid British soldiers who wanted jobs during off-duty hours. The redcoats were a constant reminder of what was considered British oppression. Redcoats did not aid in colonists' sense of independence.

//**Samuel Adams**// was a leader in creating outrage over the Boston Massacre. He was an voice expressing outrage at British oppression and argued that England had become a place of sin and corruption. He believed that public virtue only survived in America. He spoke often at town meetings in Boston, speaking about unpopular British policies such as the Townshend Duties, the placement of customs commissioner in Boston, and the British troops in the city. In 1772 he proposed that the "committee of correspondence" be created to discuss public grievances on Britain. He became the first head and influenced the creation of similar committees during the 1770s.

//**The Philosophy of Revolt**//- a political outlook was gained during the years following the Boston Massacre. Emerging ideology= because are inherently corrupt and selfish, government was necessary to protect individuals from the evil in one another. Parliament in London= virtual representation. town meetings= actual representation. Fundamental differences in opinions between Britain and America caused the revolt. Americans were arguing over a division in sovereignty. They did not understand why those overseas would hold so much power over them. America was not for a single, ultimate authority while Britain was.

//**England’s Balanced Constitution**//- Colonists believed that the king had gained to much power and there was not as much of a distribution of power between the monarchy, aristocracy and common people. (checks and balances) Those in England did not sympathize with this idea or the colonialist principal that it was the right of the people to only be taxed by their consent. English philosophies differed from American philosophies.

//**Virtual versus Actual Representation**//
 * 1) What role did Samuel Adams play in the American protests? How did his view of the need for American independence differ from those of most other colonial leaders at the time?

Sam Adams was a key figure in creating American protests against the British. He was more inclined to view public events in stern moral terms because he had strong ties to New England's Puritan past. He believed England was a corrupt country and America was a safe haven against that corruption. He created "committee of correspondence" in 1772 and influenced the creation of similar committees during the 1770s. He was a voice to the public against Britain.


 * 1) How did the Boston Massacre add to the growing tensions between the colonists and the British presence in North America?

The Boston Massacre became a symbol of British oppression which added to the tensions growing between colonists and the British presence. The victims of the Massacre became popular martyrs and the event was screwed so that the British Soldiers seemed brutal and inhumane. The Boston Massacre became propaganda which encouraged hatred for the British presence in North America. Colonists had separated themselves from Britain and began to see themselves as separate from the mother country. There were inaccurate accounts of British violence circulated in the pamphlet, Innocent Blood Crying to God. A engraving done by Paul Revere portrayed the massacre as a carefully organized and calculated assault on a peaceful crowd even though this was not so. The propaganda after the Boston massacre was what encouraged a rise in tension.

Revolutionary Discourse


 * Desire for rebellion was small during 1770’s due to lack of British involvement
 * Still some Americans expressed their beliefs in freedom and desire to become separatists. i.e.: secret meetings, publications circulated the colonies
 * Colonists seized a British revenue ship on the lower Delaware River
 * Burned and sunk the Gaspee, a British schooner in 1772
 * Commission was sent to America with power to return the people to England to be tried

Tea Act § 1773- West Indies Trading Company on brink of bankruptcy § Parliament doesn’t want the business to go out of business § Parliament allow the West Indies Trading CO. to sell tea in the colonies without the excise tax put on other merchants § *this was the only townshend left and it upset Americans that they would be exempt from it. § It created a monopoly- devastating for American merchants § American’s united to boycott tea § American women stood especially strong as the ones who traditionally were responsible for buying tea § “More freedom or more tea? We’ll leave the tea!”

The Boston Tea Party
 * Is the best ride at Canobie Lake Park (second only to Turkish Twist)
 * December 16, 1773
 * 3 groups of 50 men dressed as Mohawk Indians boarded ships and dumped the tea into the bay
 * citizens of Boston refused to pay for the damage so the harbor was closed destroying most forms of self government in Massachusetts

Coercive Acts Parliament passed 4 new acts in 1974 including the closing of the harbor in Boston, the ability to try officers in other colonies, quartering British troops, and the Quebec Act, which gave rights to the members of Quebec who were now under British control.

Consequences
 * Sparked other colonies to Mass.’s aid.
 * Colonial legislatures supported Mass
 * Women’s groups across the country boycotted British goods
 * October 1774- 54 women in Edenton, N.C. agreed to do everything in their power for the public good and to thwart the British.

Taverns in Revolutionary Mass
 * Puritans disagreed with the formation of taverns because they caused conflicts such as drunkenness
 * Became a central institution of American social life
 * American’s craved alcohol
 * Provided a location for freedom of speech
 * Effort to attack taverns by British was an effort to increase hold on America
 * Mostly male
 * Central meeting places for revolutionaries
 * Men were educated there whilst a revolutionary discussion was taking place
 * Taverns were center for celebrations such as the anniversary of the resistance to the Stamp Act
 * Tavern keepers were trusted information keepers of groups such as the Sons of Liberty
 * Center for political events
 * Politicians visited every tavern to become personal with citizens
 * Sam Adams planned much of his time encouraging to resistance in taverns
 * John Adams- “bastards and legislatores are frequently begotten.”

New Sources of Authority: Lexington & Concord:
 * __Cooperation and War__**
 * Local institutions in the colonies began seizing authority on their own in response to the resistance movement
 * Massachusetts 1768: Sam Adams called a convention of delegates from the towns of the colony to sit in place of the General Court
 * Sons of Liberty, organized by Sam Adams, formed disciplined bands of vigilantes – made sure colonists respected boycotts and other forms of popular resistance
 * Committees of correspondence – 1st intercolonial one est. in Virginia; made cooperation among colonies possible
 * 1774 in Raleigh Tavern at Williamsburg – call for a Continental Congress
 * September 1774 – 1st Continental Congress convened in Carpenter’s Hall in Philadelphia – delegates from all 13 colonies except Georgia were present
 * 5 major decisions:
 * rejected plan for colonial union under British authority
 * endorsed a statement of grievances
 * approved a series of resolutions recommending that colonists make military preparations for defense against possible British attack
 * agreed to nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption in order to stop all trade with Great Britain
 * agreed to meet again in spring, indicating that they considered the Continental Congress a continuing organization
 * 1775 Conciliatory Propositions: Parliament proposed that the colonies would tax themselves at Parliament’s demand; Lord North hoped it would divide American moderates from the extremists, but it reached America after the 1st shots of war were fired
 * farmers and townspeople of MA had gathered arms and ammunition and trained as “minutemen” for months
 * Continental Congress had approved preparations for a defensive war, and citizen-soldiers awaited British aggression
 * General Thomas Gage: hesitated to attack colonists when he learned of their military preparations and even when orders from England came to arrest rebel leaders Sam Adams and John Hancock
 * April 18, 1775: Gage heard that minutemen had stored a large supply of gunpowder in Concord and sent 1,000 soldiers on the road to Lexington and Concord; intended to surprise colonists and seize the illegal supplies without bloodshed
 * Colonists were watching British movements closely – William Dawes and Paul Revere rode out to warn villages and farms
 * British arrived in Lexington next day, several dozen men awaited them – shots fired and 8 minutemen killed and 10 wounded
 * British found colonists had moved most of the gunpowder – on way back to Boston, were harassed by gunfire from hidden minutement: lost almost 3 times as many men as the Americans had
 * “shot heard round the world” – debate over who actually fired 1st shots; effect of shots rallied thousands of colonists to the rebel cause – War for Independence had begun

__Colonial View__
 * 1) How did the colonial view of the nature of the British Empire differ from the view by George III and his supporters?
 * Prior to 1763, the colonies essentially viewed themselves as being little self-governing bodies, while still under the ultimate authority of the Crown and so remaining loyal to it
 * The colonies were founded with (or quickly acquired) their own governments
 * In the 1700s, self-government was mostly in the form of provincial assemblies
 * England had, before 1763, taxed the colonies only through those assemblies
 * So, the colonists came to feel it was their right to tax themselves, and many became very active in local government and affairs
 * Also, being citizens of the British Empire, the colonists felt they had a right to protection by British troops

__British View__ 2. What was the "political outlook" that gained a following in America and ultimately served to justify revolt? 3. Why was the Tea Act seen by many Americans as a threat to themselves and their institutions?
 * Whether because of the lack of interest England showed in the colonies in the 1700s or some other reason, Parliament seems not to have realized the impact taking away the rights of colonial governments would have
 * England viewed the colonists as loyal subjects, and so did not worry about directly taxing them
 * Conflicts with Native Americans came to be rather costly for England, and so, in the form of the Proclamation of 1763, Parliament attempted to cut those costs
 * The colonists did not abide by the Proclamation of 1763, and so Parliament felt perfectly within their rights in making the colonists support the troops that protected them from natives
 * In the 1760s and 1770s, many colonists began to feel that autonomy within the colonies was threatened by the acts put in place by the British government
 * The colonists viewed self-government as a right, considering they had always had it. So, when the British government limited that right, it came as a blow to colonists, who felt they were under-represented
 * Furthermore, the colonists were being subjected to new laws, such as the Quartering Act, which they felt violated their rights as British citizens
 * Ever-present differences between the colonies and England were brought to light in the anger that followed such acts, and this anger was manifested throughout the colonies as a revolutionary spirit
 * The Tea Act was seen as a threat to colonists mostly because of what it implied the future might hold for the colonial economy
 * If England could undercut colonial merchants by taking away one company’s taxes, they could essentially seize control of the entire colonial economy
 * This act came at a time when the colonists were already outraged at not being represented, and when they were paying ten times more taxes than they had prior to 1763, thus kicking a hornets’ nest
 * Essentially, the British government was putting English merchants over colonial merchants, and in doing so violating the colonists’ rights as British citizens


 * 1) What were the Coercive Acts? How did the Quebec Act help to unite the colonies with Boston in opposition to these acts?
 * 2) How and why did taverns become a central institution in colonial American social life? What circumstances and events helped make taverns central to political life as well?
 * 3) What role was played by Committees of Correspondence in the American protests?

First Continental Congress- September 1774 in Carpenter’s Hall in Philadelphia
 * 1) What were the FIVE major decisions made at the First Continental Congress? What was their significance?


 * 1) Rejected a plan, proposed bu Joseph Galloway of Penn, for a colonial union under British authority. This was similar to Albany Plan (1754).
 * 2) Endorsed a statement of grievances. Conflicts showed extreme and moderate views from delegates.
 * 3) Approved a series of resolutions that a Suffolk County, Mass convention passed. Stated that colonists should prepare against British troops attacking in Boston, Mass.
 * 4) Nonimportation, Nonexportation, Nonconsumption. The goal of this was to stop all trade with Great Britain. Formed “Continental Association” to enforce agreements
 * 5) Agreed to meet again the following spring. Considered this a continuing organization.

These decisions were quite important. The delegates from the 13 colonies were appointed by assemblies.The delegates reaffirmed their autonomous status within the empire. Many of the 5 major decisions were against the British Empire economically. Declared an economic warfare. 2. What British leaders spoke out in support of the American cause? What were their reasons for doing so? Lord Chatham (William Pitt) urged Britain to withdraw troops. Goal was to conciliate with the colonists Edmund Burke-wanted the Coercive Act to be repealed. Lord North- won approval in 1775 for measures known as the Conciliatory Propositions. Goal was to divide American moderates. Too little too late.

3. What were the circumstances that led to the fighting at Lexington and Concord? Lexington and Concord was the first battles of the war. General Gage of Britain was ordered to arrest rebels John Hancock and Sam Adams in Lexington. Once he learned that the American “minutemen” had a large supply of gunpowder in Concord he decided to act on April 18, 1775. He intended to surprise Americans but patriots (William Dawes and Paul Revere) in Boston watched the British mobilize. The next day several dozen troops met the 1,000 British soldiers.