07IDs

=07 The Jeffersonian Era=

//@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@// http://knighttime.wikispaces.com/ppts //@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@//
 * Don't forget to go to the PPTs page to sign up for**
 * Monday and Tuesday's "Quick Hitter" assignments:**

**Main Ideas:**

 * 1) How Americans expressed their burgeoning cultural independence through republican education, literature and religious revivalism.
 * 2) The impact of industrialism on the United States and its people, particularly with regard to agricultural technology and transportation.
 * 3) The domestic questions and foreign entanglements of Thomas Jefferson's presidency, including //Marbury v. Madison//, the Louisiana Purchase, the settling of the west, and the impressment and embargo controversies
 * 4) The response of the American people and their political system to the nation's physical expansion, and the reaction of Native American groups to this expansion.
 * 5) The growing conflict between British naval policies and American self-identity that led to the War of 1812, and its ultimate consequences for the young American nation.

=

 * Handouts/Homework:** [[file:1800 Jefferson's Gender Frontier.doc]] Brian Steele's Thomas Jefferson's Gender Frontier, Journal of American History, Vol. 95, No.1, June 2008. Thomas Jefferson has long been characterized as a Francophile. But, as Brian Steele shows, Jefferson’s experience in France led him to articulate a full-blown American exceptionalism that was rooted in a domestic order unencumbered by the multiple artificialities that kept European men and women from practicing what Jefferson viewed as their natural gender roles. Jefferson’s liberal critique of foreign cultures and political systems that oppressed women and effeminized men translated into an affirmation of America’s natural gender practices. His embrace of republican womanhood is unsurprising. What is notable, though, is the centrality of gender and domesticity to Jefferson’s conception of America’s uniqueness and superiority.=====

"To what extent was the foreign poicy of the United States driven by a concern for commerce?" Answer the question using the following documents and your knowledge of the timeperiod between 1789 and 1815. (Barron's AP p269)
 * DBQs:**

To what extent did the War of 1812 constitute a "second American Revolution"? In your answer, be sure to address each of the following: - foreign relations - economic development Limit your answer to the period through the 1820s. Some relevant information can be found in Chapter 8 Amsco. Research and study the terms in the grading packet (p 43).

Kyle Ward, History in the Making - An absorbing look at how American History Has Changed in the Telling Over the Last 200 Years, The New Press, 2006. ISBN: 987-1-59558-044-3 - Chapter 16: The Monroe Doctrine - Chapter 17: The Caroline Affair - Chapter 15: Andrew Jackson and the Battle of Horshoe Bend
 * Further Reading:**

Madaras & SoRelle, Taking Sides; Clashing Views in United States History, Vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, 2008. ISBN: 978-0-07-352723-9 - Issue 8: Was Thomas Jefferson a Political Compromiser? Professor Morton Borden argues that President Thomas Jefferson was a moderate and pragmatic politician who placed the nation’s best interests above those of the states. History professor Forrest McDonald believes that President Jefferson attempted to replace Hamiltonian Federalists Principles with a Republican ideology in order to restore America’s agrarian heritage.

- Issue 9: Was James Madison an Effective Wartime President? Irving Brant concludes that President James Madison grew into his position as commander in chief during the War of 1812 and set the stage for both land and naval victories at the close of the conflict through his adroit military appointments and skillful diplomacy. Donald Hickey contends that Madison failed to provide the bold and vigorous leadership that was essential to a successful prosecution of the War of 1812 by tolerating incompetence among his generals and cabinet officers and by failing to secure vital legislation from Congress.

Sean Patrick Adams, //Warming the Poor and Growing Consumers: Fuel Philanthropy in the Early Republic's Urban North//, Journal of American History, Vol 95. No. 1, June 2008. How did urban Americans deal with the nation’s first major energy crisis? Replacing dwindling stocks of firewood with coal seemed to be an easy solution, but endemic poverty and popular perceptions about coal made the transition difficult for most residents of northern cities in antebellum America. Sean Patrick Adams demonstrates that the campaign to promote coal during that crisis targeted both affluent and poor consumers. Adams finds that exploring the transition between firewood and coal raises some thorny questions about our own energy concerns. If we are to experience a “green” revolution in energy use in our world, we would do well to understand how both the early nineteenth-century poor and their wealthy contemporaries came to enlist in coal’s “black” revolution.

Homework due:** prepare for FRQ - download doc and research the terms provided in the scoring guidelines To what extent did the War of 1812 constitute a "second American Revolution"? In your answer, be sure to address each of the following: - foreign relations - economic development Limit your answer to the period through the 1820s. Some relevant information can be found in Chapter 8 Amsco.
 * Wed 11/25: "Was the War of 1812 a second American Revolution"?
 * In class:** write the FRQ

Research and study the terms in the grading packet (p 43). You will write the FRQ in class. You will be provided with a clean copy of p 43, but you will not be allowed to use outside materials. Study!



The Rise of Cultural Nationalism
//Patterns of Education// //Medicine and Science// //Cultural Aspirations in the New Nation// //@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@// //Religious Skepticism// American Revolution= weakening of traditional forms of religious practice (detached churches from government) By 1790s- small proportion of white Americans (perhaps fewer than 10%)- members of formal churches & ministers were complaining often about "decay of vital piety". Religious traditionalists=alarmed by new theologies that reflected attitudes on modern science - de-emphasized role of God in the world. Deists=originated among Enlightenment philosophers in France ( members = Jefferson + Franklin). Accepted the existence of God but believed he was a remote being who withdrew from direct involvement with the human race and its sins after creating the universe. Thomas Paine's //The Age of Reason//- published in parts between 1794 and 1796- declared Christianity was the "strangest religion ever set up," for " it committed a murder upon Jesus in order to redeem man kind from the sin of eating an apple." Created philosophies- of "universalism" and "unitarianism- emerged at first as dissenting views within the New England Congressional church. rejected Calvinism beliefs in predestination- argues salvation was available to all. Rejected the idea of Trinity- Jesus =great religious teacher- not the son of god.Most Americans held true to traditional religious beliefs even though the fervor of the first Great Awakening had lessened. //The Second Great Awakening// = efforts of conservative theologians in 1790s to fight spread of religious rationalism- church establishments attempting to revitalize organizations Leaders of different denominations= evangelist efforts to drive movement. Presbyterians try to arouse the faithful in Western settlements Methodism spreads to America ( founded by John Westley in England)- sent preachers throughout the nation to win recruits. Fastest growing denomination in America. Baptists= South following. Cane Ridge, Kentucky- Summer of 1801- evangelical ministers preside over nations first "camp meeting".- revival which lasted several days and impressed those who witnessed it. Events became common. Way to "harvest members" Methodist- Peter Cartwright- Individuals must readmit god into their lives reject skeptical rationalism. God active force in world. accelerated the growth of different denominations but had no real affect on reviving old religious idea. Instead, it helped create a broader acceptance of different religions. Established a sense of order and social stability. Women were drawn to revivalism= more female converts than male Marriage prospects diminish with adventurous men heading west= plagued with uncertainty and seeking religious foundation. Shows change of social economic roles- spinning and weaving. Many blacks eagerly embraced the new religious fervor.Black preachers become important members of the black community. Salvation was available to all taken into contest of blacks in present world. 1800- plan of slave rebellion and attack on Richmond ( leader- Gabriel Prosser) Plan discovers but revivalism sticks. Native Americans=drew heavily on earlier tribal experiences 1760s- Neolin prophet combines Christian and Indian imagery. Neolin also called for Native Americans to rise up in defense of their lands. - helped stimulate Indian military efforts (1763 and beyond). Handsome Lake - called for revival of traditional Indian ways. claimed to have met Jesus and heard him say that his people would become lost if they followed the Whites.Spread through scattered Iroquoi communities. Indian men hunter to farmers. Indian woman= witches if not giving up farmer position. Influence of rational "freethinkers" rapidly declined as a result of the Second Great Awakening Religious characteristic of Us= fervent evangelicalism. Free-thinkers= minority. Stirrings of Industrialism U.S. would not remain a simple agrarian country as Jefferson wanted but transformed into the sort of urban, economic government the early Republicans were in favor of. //Technology in America// England tried to protect the nation's manufacturing preminence ( keep skilled mechanics out and export of textile machinery) but immigrants arrive in the U.S. with advanced knowledge of English technology- eager to introduce new machines to America. Example- Samuel Slater used the knowledge he acquired in England to build a spinning mill for Quaker Merchant- Moses Brown. Oliver Evans= several important improvements in the steam engine. gin- toothed roller which caught the fibers of the cotton boll and pulled them between the wires for grating - clean as much cotton in a few hours that it use to take a whole day to do. African American slavery had been dwindling but regained importance with the creation of this invention. //Oops!// Helped transform the North- large supply of domestic produced fiber= strong incentive of entrepreneurs to create textile factories in the North. Could not thrive on agriculture alone and saw textile factories as a way to become industrially prosperous. Separation of cotton planting in South and textile in North= driving wedge- Agriculture vs. Industrial. Whitney= development of modern warfare through. Technological advancement from muskets. //@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@//
 * Importance of a Virtuous Citizenry**
 * New Educational Opportunities for Women**
 * Indian Education**
 * Higher Education**
 * Benjamin Rush**
 * Decline of Midwifery**
 * Establishment of a National Culture**
 * Noah Webster**
 * Washington Irving**
 * Nichols:**
 * Deism**
 * Cane Ridge**
 * 1800-** Began with Presbyterians in eastern colleges such as Yale (under the leadership of President Timothy Dwight). New awakening grew through the nation. Notable membership in Presbyterian, Methodists and Baptists.
 * Message of the Great Awakening**
 * African Americans and the Revivals**
 * Indians and the Second Great Awakening**
 * Freethinkers**
 * Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin**
 * The Cotton Gin's Impact on the North**
 * Seymour:**

America in the World: Global Industrial Revolution · The Industrial Revolution occurred in Britain and Europe during the American Revolution. · Historians differ in their opinions about exactly when the Industrial Revolution began but most agree that it was well underway at the end of the 18th century. · By the end of the 19th century industrialization transformed societies in Britain, Japan, most of Europe, and the United States. · Because America had close relations with Britain, America experienced the product of rapid changes in Great Britain. · Britain was the first nation to experience industrial capacity. · Improvements in weaving drove improvements in spinning, causing demand for carding. · Steam power proliferated afte James Watt patented an advanced steam engine in 1769. · America benefited from these advances because America received the majority of their immigrants from Britain. · Belgium developed significant coal, iron, and armaments industry. · Japan was affected by American and European traders and began Meiji reforms. · Changed world’s economies and societies. · Hundreds of thousands of men and women moved from rural areas to cities to work in factories. · Standard of living for those working in factories higher than those in rural areas. · Working men and women thought of themselves as a distinct class · Populations grew rapidly and people lived longer. · Industrial Revolution changed much of the world. Transformation Innovations · America had an insufficient system of transporting materials · No domestic market could be established without a system · There were several ways to fix the problem of expanding the small American market. · Look for customers overseas. · Congress in 1789 gave preference to American ships in American ports to stimulate an expansion of domestic shipping in two bills. · One of the principal reasons for growth was because of the outbreak of war in Europe in the 1790s. American ships now took over most carrying trade between Europe and Western Hemisphere. · Another solution to problem was to develop markets at home, by improving transportation between states and interior. · River transportation began new era with the steamboat. · Real breakthrough was Oliver Evans’s devopment of high-pressure engine; steam more feasible for powering boats //Rapid Growth of American shipping// · 1793-America had a merchant marine and foreign trade larger than that of any country except England · The U.S. had more ships and international commerce than any other country, in proportion to its size. · The total tonnage of American vessels in overseas traffic rose from 125,000 to one million between 1789-1810. · Imports increased from 17.5%-90%. //Robert Fulton’s Steamboat// · Inventor Robert Fulton and promoter Robert R. Livingston principally responsible for perfecting steamboat and bringing it to the attention of nation. · Their //Clermont// demonstrated practicability of steam navigation in 1807. · Nicholas J. Roosevelt introduced steamboat to West by sending //New Orleans// from Pittsburgh down Ohio and Mississippi. //The Turnpike Era// · Began 1792 · Corporation constructed a toll road running 60 miles from Phili to Lancaster. · Very successful; many other companies laid out turnpikes from other cities to neighboring towns. · Ran small distances and through thickly settled areas for maximum profit. · State and federal governments eventually had to finance turnpikes in less populated areas because private operators refused to. The Rising Cities · Only 3% of non-Indian population lived in towns more than 8,000 at the time of second census of 1800. · In early 19th century Americans were overwhelmingly rural. · Only 10% lived west of Appalachian Mountains and much of country was in the wilderness. · Philadelphia had 70,000 residents, NY had 60,000 and these cities were becoming major centers of commerce and learning. · Urban culture was emerging. //Urban Life// · People living in towns and cities lived differently from vast majority of Americans who worked in farms. · Urban life produced affluence · Affluent people sought increasing elegance and refinement in their homes and property. · Looked for diversions such as music, theater, dancing, and horse racing. Horse Racing · Horses were the only transportation during the 17th and 18th centuries besides walking. · Essential equipment of life for some people. · Led to the creation of spectator sport in which beauty and speed were main attractions. · Informal races emerged as soon as Europeans settled in English colonies. · Formal races followed quickly. · First race track was established in 1665 Long Island, NY. · Showcase for horses. · Tracks quickly developed a wider appeal and soon horse racing spread along Atlantic coast. · Popular in almost every colony. · Horse races bound by lines of class and race. · Exclusive preserve of “gentlemen” · White aristocrats retained control of racing and southern aristocrats trained horses. · Reflected growing sectional rivalry between North and South
 * Vaccaro:**

Jefferson - the President
 * Jefferson wanted to make his presidency universal and transcend the Republican/Federalist party lines
 * Many people believed that the new city of Washington D.C. would quickly rise to become a beautiful city
 * Throughout Jefferson’s presidency, Washington was little more than a straggling, provincial village
 * Members of Congress did not view the city as home, but just a place to be during session and they left as soon as they could
 * During the inauguration, Jefferson walked to and from the capitol like a common person
 * Jefferson was not very formal, but still impressed everyone who knew him
 * Jefferson was a brilliant conversationalist, writer and one of the nations most intelligent and creative men
 * Jefferson was a very shrewd politician
 * Jefferson used his powers of appointment as an effective political weapon
 * By the end of Jefferson’s first term, most key government positions were in the hands of his fellow Republicans
 * When he ran for re-election in 1804, he was elected overwhelmingly

//Dollars and Ships//
 * Under Washington and Adams, the federal expenditures had almost tripled, the national debt had been increased and there was a strong tax system
 * In 1802, Jefferson’s administration persuaded congress to abolish all internal taxes, leaving customs duties and the sale of western lands as the only sources of revenue for the government
 * They cut the federal expenditures almost in half
 * Jefferson was unable to get rid of the national debt altogether but he was able to cut it in half
 * Jefferson scaled down the army from 4,000 to 2,500 men
 * He cut the navy from 25 ships to 7 and reduced the officers
 * While Jefferson was making the armed forces smaller, he also helped to create West Point in 1802
 * During his presidency, he also took care of the Barbary pirate problem who had been preying on ships since the 1780s
 * He reached an agreement that ended the tribute but required America to pay a humiliating ransom

Conflict with the Courts o Jefferson and the Republicans gained control over the Executive and Legislative branches and then turned their sights on the judicial o They repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801, eliminating the judgeships to which Adams made his midnight appointments o 1803-Marbury vs. Madison – judicial review – we went over this o The chief justice at this time was John Marshall o Marshall was a dominant figure in early American law and is credited with giving the Judicial branch just as much power as the other two o In order to gain more control of the courts, Jefferson got congress to try to get rid of some judges o The Republicans targeted the Supreme Court Justice, Samuel Chase o Chase had been injudicious – he had delivered stridently partisan speeches from the bench o He hadn’t actually committed a crime though o The House impeached Chase and sent him to a trial before the Senate in early 1805 Chase was acquitted and this helped establish precedent that impeachment would not become a purely political weapon

//@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@// Mulrey:

Doubling the National Domain
//Jefferson and Napoleon// //The Louisiana Purchase// //Lewis and Clark Explore the West// //The Burr Conspiracy//
 * Toussaint L'Ouverture**
 * Importance of New Orleans**
 * Napoleon's Offer**
 * Jefferson's Quandary**
 * Zebulon Pike**
 * Essex Junto**
 * Hamilton and Burr**

Expansion and War
//@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@// //Conflict on the Seas// //The "Indian Problem" and the British// //Tecumseh and the Prophet// @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
 * The Napoleonic Wars**
 * Mitchell:**
 * America's Predicament
 * Macon's Bill No. 2* (I've added this as a term, but it's in the reading)**
 * William Henry Harrison**
 * Jefferson's Offer**
 * The Prophet's Message**
 * Tecumseh's Strategy**
 * Battle of Tippecanoe**

//Florida// //and War Fever//
 * Damery:**
 * South wanted US to acquire Spanish Florida
 * Slaves escaped to Florida, Native Americans launched frequent raids on white settlements on the border, and rivers provided access to valuable ports on Gulf of Mexico
 * 1810: American settlers in West Florida seized Spanish fort at Baton Rouge and asked federal gov’t to annex the territory to the US, and president Madison agreed
 * motivation for war with Britain because Britain was Spain’s ally
 * “**war hawks**” on northern and southern borders of the US had elected a large number of reps eager for war with Britain in Congressional elections of 1810
 * Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun together formed a powerful coalition in favor of war
 * June 18, 1812: Madison gave in to pressure and approved a declaration of war against Britain

· After America declared war, Britain largely ignored them for several months – they were already struggling against Napoleon //Battles with the Tribes//
 * The War of 1812**
 * //**Early Defeats**////: Summer 1812: American forces invade// //Canada// //through// //Detroit// //but were forced to surrender in August//
 * //1813, British navy was counterattacking American ships effectively, creating a blockade on the// //US//
 * //**Put-In-Bay**////: American forces seized control of// //Lake Erie// //through the work of Oliver Hazard Perry (wouldn’t it be cool if your middle name was Hazard??) – he dispersed British fleet at// //Put-In-Bay// //on// //September 10, 1813////; made possible another invasion of// //Canada// //by way of// //Detroit//
 * //October 15, 1813////: William Henry Harrison went up the river// //Thames// //to// //upper Canada// //and won notable victory for the death of Tecumseh – weakened and disheartened Native Americans of the Northwest//
 * //March 27, 1814////: General Andrew Jackson’s men took revenge on the Creek Indians at Battle of Horseshoe Bend, killing women and children as well as warriors; tribe agreed to cede most of its land to US and retreated westward//

//Battles with the British//
 * //**British Invasion**////:// //August 24, 1814// //- British troops entered// //Washington// //and set fire to several buildings, including the White House – retaliation for American burning of Canadian capital at// //York//
 * //Washington// //left in ruins, British troops continued north to// //Baltimore////, but the city was protected by// //Fort// //McHenry// //and was ready for the British//
 * //Sept. 13: Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star-Spangled Banner” after watching the bombardment in the// //Chesapeake Bay//
 * //British withdrew from// //Baltimore//
 * //Sept. 11, 1814////: Americans turned back a larger force of British troops at Battle of Plattsburgh//
 * //**Battle of New Orleans**////: Andrew Jackson and his men defeated a huge British force advancing up the Mississippi (leaving 700 British dead, 1,400 wounded, and 500 prisoners), on January 8, 1815//

//The Revolt of// //New England//
 * //Most// //US// //military operations between 1812 and 1815 were humiliating failures, with only a few exceptions; as a result, there was increasing popular opposition to the government//
 * //Most New Englanders were opposed to the war and to the Republican government responsible for it – so extreme that some Federalists celebrated British victories//
 * //Daniel Webster, NH congressman, led Federalist opposition//
 * //Talk of secession revived in 1814 – 1815//
 * //**Hartford**// //**convention**////:// //December 15, 1814////, delegates from// //New England// //met in// //Hartford////,// //CT// //to discuss their grievances – those who favored secession were outnumbered; convention reasserted right of nullification and proposed 7 amendments to the Constitution//
 * //A few days after the convention, reports of a negotiated peace arrived in the Northeast, and secession attempt was a failure//

//The Peace Settlement//
 * //**Treaty of**// //**Ghent**////: American and British diplomats met in// //Ghent////,// //Belgium// //(Americans led by John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Albert Gallatin); Americans gave up demand for the cession of// //Canada// //to the// //US////, British abandoned call for creation of an Indian state in the west and made minor territorial concessions; treaty did little else//
 * //**Rush-Bagot Agreement**////: 1817, treaty provided for mutual disarmament on the// //Great Lakes//